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• What is the textbook definition of statistics?


  Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data
• How does the working definition of statistics differ from the textbook definition?

  It includes organization and summary of data
• What are the two divisions of statistics?

  1. Descriptive Statistics
  2. Inferential Statistics
• What does descriptive statistics involve?

  Collection, organization, and summary of data
• What is the focus of inferential statistics?

  Analysis and interpretation of population data
• What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

  Summarizing characteristics of a data set
• How does a box plot describe data?

  It describes the shape of the distribution
• How can categorical data be summarized?

  • Year Level
  • Number of Students
• What are the measures of central tendency?

  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
• What does the mean represent in a data set?

  Arithmetic average of the data values
• How is the median determined in a data set?

  It is the middle value when ordered
• What does the mode indicate in a data set?

  Most frequently appearing value
• What are the measures of dispersion?

  1. Range
  2. Variance
  3. Standard Deviation
  4. Interquartile Range (IQR)
  5. Coefficient of Variation
• What are the measures of location in statistics?

  1. Quartiles
  2. Deciles
  3. Percentiles
• What are the measures of shape in statistics?

  1. Skewness
  2. Kurtosis
• What does skewness measure in a distribution?

  Asymmetry of the distribution shape
• What does kurtosis indicate about a distribution?

  Peakness or flatness of the distribution
• What are the measures of association in statistics?

  • Correlation
  • Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
  • Spearman Rank-order correlation coefficient
• How does sample size affect margin of error?

  Lower sample size increases margin of error
• What are the methods for determining sample size?

  1. Conduct a census
  2. Use a sample size from a similar study
  3. Use a table for sample sizes
  4. Use a sample size calculator
  5. Use Slovin’s Formula
• What does Slovin's Formula help determine?

  Sample size based on population size
• What are the types of probability sampling?

  1. Simple Random Sampling
  2. Stratified Random Sampling
  3. Systematic Sampling
  4. Cluster Sampling
  5. Multi-stage Sampling
• What are the types of non-probability sampling?

  1. Convenience Sampling
  2. Quota Sampling
  3. Dimensional Sampling
  4. Purposive/Judgemental Sampling
  5. Snowball/Referral Sampling
• What are the methods for collecting data?

  1. Survey
  2. Registration Method
  3. Experiment
  4. Observation
• What is the purpose of a hypothesis?

  To express an idea needing proof
• What are the types of hypothesis?

  1. Null Hypothesis (H0)
  2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha or H1)
• What does the null hypothesis express?

  Claim being made, often disproven
• How is the alternative hypothesis expressed?

  As an inequality using ≠, >, or <
• What is a Type I error?

  Rejecting null hypothesis when true
• What is a Type II error?

  Accepting null hypothesis when false
• What does the level of significance represent?

  Probability of committing a Type I error
• What does a level of significance of 0.05 indicate?

  5% error tolerance in decision making
• What are the types of tests based on the alternative hypothesis?

  1. Two-tailed test
  2. One-tailed test
• What is the purpose of a two-tailed test?

  To check for any difference between groups
• What does a one-tailed test assess?

  Whether one group is better or worse
• What are the types of questions in statistical tests?

  1. Question of Comparison
  2. Question of Relationship
  3. Question of Prediction
• What is the focus of a question of comparison?

  To determine if groups differ
• What is the focus of a question of relationship?

  To see if one group affects another
• What is the focus of a question of prediction?

  To see how changing one variable affects another
• What is the hypothesis testing procedure?

  1. Formulate hypotheses
  2. Compute statistical test
  3. Make a decision
  4. Draw a conclusion