B2: smoking

• What does the biological approach explain about smoking addiction?


  Initiation, maintenance, and relapse
• Why might a person start smoking according to biological factors?

  Due to the addictive nature of nicotine
• What percentage of risk for taking up smoking is attributed to genetic influences?

  53%
• What role do dopamine receptors play in smoking initiation?

  Dopamine receptors respond to nicotine and trigger pleasure
• How does nicotine affect dopamine release in the brain?

  Nicotine triggers dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
• What is the role of dopamine in the maintenance of smoking behavior?

  Dopamine release rewards the smoking behavior
• What does the nicotine regulation model propose about smoking behavior?

  People smoke to regulate nicotine levels and avoid withdrawal
• What are common withdrawal symptoms after finishing a cigarette?

  Anxiety and craving
• How does tolerance develop in smokers?

  Constant stimulation reduces receptor sensitivity
• What did Schachter's 1977 study find about heavy smokers?

  They increased smoking by 25% with lower nicotine
• What did Vink's study reveal about environmental factors in smoking initiation?

  Environmental factors contribute 56% to initiation
• What is a limitation of the nicotine regulation theory based on Shiffman's study?


  Some smokers do not become dependent on nicotine
• What did Vink et al. conclude about genetic factors in smoking?

  Genetic factors overlap in initiation and dependence
• What is a potential bias in studies on nicotine dependence?


  Social desirability bias in self-reports
• How does self-efficacy relate to smoking cessation?


  Low self-efficacy leads to less effort to quit
• What are cues in the context of smoking addiction?


  Cues are triggers associated with smoking behavior
• What is positive reinforcement in smoking addiction?


  Desirable consequences that encourage smoking behavior
• What is negative reinforcement in smoking addiction?


  Relief from withdrawal symptoms encourages smoking
• How does classical conditioning relate to smoking addiction?


  Associations between smoking and pleasurable effects develop
• What are primary reinforcers in smoking addiction?


  Rewards that are inherently pleasurable
• What are secondary reinforcers in smoking addiction?


  Stimuli associated with primary reinforcers
• How does self-efficacy affect smoking cessation efforts?


  Low self-efficacy leads to negative quitting attitudes
• What did Brian Carter and Stephen Tiffany's review find about smoking-related cues?


  Smokers show increased craving to smoking cues
• What is aversion therapy in the context of smoking cessation?


  Associating smoking with unpleasant stimuli
• What is a limitation of the learning approach to smoking addiction?


  It cannot explain all nicotine addiction cases
• What did Gwaltney et al. find about self-efficacy and quitting?


  Self-efficacy has a modest effect on quitting
• What is meant by 'initiation of smoking'?


  The beginning of smoking behavior influenced by factors