Skeletal and muscular systems

• What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

  To provide structure and support
• What are the main functions of the skeleton?

  Protection, blood cell production, mineral storage
• How does the skeleton assist in human movement?

  By providing attachments for muscles
• What types of bones make up the skeleton?

  Flat, long, irregular, short, sesamoid bones
• What are flat bones and give examples?

  Bones that protect organs, e.g., sternum
• What is the function of long bones?

  Act as levers for movement and blood cell production
• What are irregular bones and their function?

  Vertebrae that protect the spinal cord
• What do short bones do?

  Bear weight effectively
• What is the role of sesamoid bones?

  Ease joint movement and resist compression
• What are synovial joints and their importance?

  They allow free movement in sports and exercise
• What are the common features of synovial joints?

  • Ligaments connect bone to bone
  • Synovial fluid lubricates joints
  • Articular cartilage covers bone surfaces
  • Joint capsule encloses the joint
  • Bursae reduce friction between tendons and bones
• What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?

  Connect bone to bone and stabilize joints
• What does synovial fluid do?

  Reduces friction and nourishes cartilage
• What is articular cartilage?

  Smooth tissue covering articulating bones
• What is the role of the joint capsule?

  Encloses and strengthens the joint
• What is a bursa?

  A fluid-filled sac reducing friction
• What are the key terms related to joint movement?

  • Joint: Area where bones meet
  • Ligament: Connects bone to bone
  • Articular cartilage: Covers bone surfaces
  • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone
• What is flexion?

  Movement that decreases the joint angle
• What is extension?

  Movement that increases the joint angle
• What occurs during flexion in a bicep curl?

  The radius and ulna get closer to the humerus
• What happens during extension in a bicep curl?

  The radius and ulna move away from the humerus
• What is dorsiflexion?

  Movement at the ankle bringing toes up
• What is plantar flexion?

  Movement at the ankle moving toes down
• What are the movements in the sagittal plane?

  • Flexion: Decreases joint angle
  • Extension: Increases joint angle
  • Dorsiflexion: Toes move up
  • Plantar flexion: Toes move down
• What is abduction?

  Movement away from the midline of the body
• What is adduction?

  Movement towards the midline of the body
• What occurs during abduction in lateral raises?

  The humerus moves away from the midline
• What happens during adduction in lateral raises?

  The humerus moves closer to the midline
• What are the movements in the frontal plane?

  • Abduction: Moves limbs away from midline
  • Adduction: Moves limbs towards midline
• What is horizontal extension?

  Movement away from the midline parallel to the ground
• What is horizontal flexion?

  Movement towards the midline parallel to the ground
• What occurs during horizontal extension in a discus throw?

  The shoulder joint moves away from the midline
• What happens during horizontal flexion in a discus throw?

  The shoulder joint moves closer to the midline
• What are the movements in the transverse plane?

  • Horizontal extension: Moves limbs away from midline
  • Horizontal flexion: Moves limbs towards midline
  • Rotation: Turns about the longitudinal axis
• What is rotation in joint movement?

  Movement around the longitudinal axis
• What occurs during medial rotation in a tennis forehand?

  The humerus rotates towards the body
• What happens during lateral rotation in a tennis forehand?

  The humerus rotates away from the body
• What are the key terms related to joint movement?

  • Horizontal extension: Away from midline parallel to ground
  • Horizontal flexion: Towards midline parallel to ground
  • Rotation: Movement around the longitudinal axis
• What is the knee joint classified as?

  A synovial hinge joint
• What is the range of motion for the knee joint?

  Approximately 120° of flexion