Paper 1

• What is atherosclerosis?

  Fatty plaque development in the arterial walls
• How does atherosclerosis affect the arterial lumen?

  It progressively narrows the lumen
• What are the benefits of increased flexibility?

  Improved range of motion and decreased risk of injury
• What is the importance of flexibility in sports?

  • Essential for dancers, gymnasts, swimmers, and martial artists
  • Maximizes sporting efficiency from technique to speed and power generation
  • Contributes to a healthy, balanced lifestyle
• What is the impact of physical activity on lifestyle diseases?

  It has a preventative effect on many lifestyle diseases
• How many people in the UK are living with CVD?

  Approximately seven million
• What is the main cause of death in the western world?

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• What does cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompass?

  All diseases of the heart and blood circulation
• What percentage of CVD cases are preventable?

  75 percent
• What is a heart attack?

  A blockage in a coronary artery cutting off oxygenated blood flow
• What happens when a piece of fatty plaque breaks away from an arterial wall?

  A blood clot may form, potentially causing a heart attack
• How often is someone struck by a heart attack in the UK?

  Every three minutes
• What is a stroke?

  A blockage or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain
• What percentage of strokes are ischaemic?

  85 percent
• What is the largest cause of complex disability?

  Stroke
• How does regular training affect the risk of cardiovascular disease?

  It can reduce the overall risk by approximately 30 percent
• What are the effects of regular training on cardiovascular health?

  • Reduces blood lipids and overall cholesterol
  • Prevents hardening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls
  • Decreases blood viscosity and resistance to blood flow
• What do HDL and LDL cholesterol stand for?

  High-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins
• What is the role of HDL cholesterol?

  It actively removes cholesterol from arterial walls
• What is the role of LDL cholesterol?

  It deposits cholesterol on the arterial walls
• What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

  An umbrella term for respiratory diseases like chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• What are the symptoms of COPD?

  Coughing, breathing difficulty, and regular chest infections
• What is asthma characterized by?

  Constriction of the bronchial airways and inflammation of the mucous membranes
• What triggers exercise-induced asthma (EIA)?

  Cold, dry air or chemicals in the water and air
• How can physical activity affect respiratory diseases?

  It can have a preventative effect and be effective in treatment
• What are the effects of training on respiratory health?

  • Increases respiratory muscle strength
  • Decreases frequency of breathing
  • Maintains lung tissue elasticity
  • Increases efficiency of gaseous exchange
• What is the main cause of COPD?

  Smoking
• What percentage of COPD cases is caused by smoking?

  80 percent
• What are the benefits of regular physical activity beyond cardiovascular and respiratory health?

  Reduces incidence of certain cancers and improves mood
• What is the average number of deaths per day from asthma attacks in the UK?

  Three people
• What is the role of inspiratory muscle training in respiratory health?

  It increases airflow and alleviates breathlessness
• What is the effect of a warm-up on exercise-induced asthma?

  It provides protection against an exercised-induced asthma attack
• What is the purpose of the British Heart Foundation website?

  To provide information on cardiovascular diseases and preventive measures
• What is the purpose of the Asthma UK website?

  To provide information on asthma risk factors and treatments
• What are the key risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

  • Smoking
  • High-fat diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Stress
  • Increasing age
  • Genetic predisposition
• What are the key risk factors for respiratory disease?

  • Smoking
  • Long-term exposure to air pollution
  • Long-term severe asthma
  • Genetic predisposition
• What are the symptoms of asthma?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Wheezing
  • Coughing
• What are the symptoms of COPD?

  • Coughing
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Regular chest infections
• What are the classic conditions included in COPD?

  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
• What is the significance of maintaining lung tissue elasticity?

  • Decreases the risk of infection
  • Enhances breathing efficiency