Immunity and vaccines

• What are the two types of immunity discussed?

  Active and passive immunity
• What is the main purpose of vaccination?

  To provide immunity against diseases
• What ethical issues are associated with vaccines?

  Concerns about safety and informed consent
• What does the graph of whooping cough cases in Scotland illustrate?

  • Number of cases from 1960 to 1995
  • Vaccine uptake from the 1970s to 1995
• What should you do when using graphs with multiple scales?

  Double check you've got the right scale
• What percentage of the population was vaccinated in 1990?

  Data needed from the graph
• How many cases of whooping cough were there in 1965?

  Data needed from the graph
• Describe the trend in whooping cough cases from 1960 to 1975.

  Overall decrease in cases due to vaccination
• What happened to vaccine uptake in the 1970s?

  It decreased due to safety concerns
• How did the change in vaccine uptake affect whooping cough cases from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s?

  Increased cases due to lower vaccination rates
• Define active immunity.

  Immunity developed through exposure to antigens
• Define passive immunity.

  Immunity gained from external antibodies
• How do antigens in vaccines lead to immunity?

  They stimulate the immune response to produce antibodies
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection of a population through widespread immunity
• Describe two issues surrounding the use of vaccinations.

  Safety concerns and misinformation about vaccines