from video

• What are the four types of pathogens that cause communicable diseases?

  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists
• How do pathogens reproduce in the body?

  They reproduce inside the host's body
• Why can't viruses reproduce by themselves?

  They require a host cell to replicate
• What is the structure of a virus?

  A protein casing surrounding genetic code
• What happens to a cell when it is infected by a virus?

  The cell produces more virus copies and explodes
• What disease does the measles virus cause?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What is AIDS?

  AIDS is a condition caused by HIV
• How can HIV be transmitted?

  Through sexual contact or sharing needles
• What do bacteria release that damages body cells?

  Toxins
• What is an example of a bacterial infection from undercooked food?

  Salmonella
• What is gonorrhea?

  An STD causing yellow discharge
• What is a common fungal infection?

  Athlete's foot
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that infects red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in disease transmission?

  An organism that spreads disease
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection in plants
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Plants, causing leaf discoloration
• How does the tobacco mosaic virus affect plants?

  By inhibiting chlorophyll production
• What is the first barrier of the immune system?

  Skin
• How does mucus help protect the body?

  It traps pathogens entering the body
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They combat pathogens in the bloodstream
• What are lymphocytes?

  A type of white blood cell
• What do lymphocytes produce to neutralize toxins?

  Antitoxins
• What do antibodies do?

  They bind to antigens on pathogens
• What happens when antibodies bind to antigens?

  They stop pathogens from infecting more cells
• What is the process when pathogens are unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes create various antibodies until one fits
• What is immunity?

  The ability to resist a specific infection
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen
• How does a vaccine work?

  It exposes the immune system to a pathogen
• What is the flu vaccine?

  A vaccine using an irradiated virus
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It uses mRNA to synthesize part of the virus
• What do antibiotics kill?

  Bacteria
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria
• What happens when bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• From what are drugs like aspirin and penicillin derived?

  Plants and other organisms
• What is the process for drug testing?

  Lab trials, animal trials, then human trials