Energy systems

• What is required for tissue repair and body growth?

  Energy
• How does exercise affect energy needs?

  The more we exercise, the more energy we need
• What type of sport requires energy quickly?

  100m sprint
• What type of sport requires energy over a longer period?

  Marathon running
• What factors determine how energy is provided?

  Intensity and duration
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is the source of energy for muscle contractions?

  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• What are the components of ATP?

  1 molecule adenosine and 3 phosphates
• How is energy released from ATP?

  By breaking bonds
• What enzyme breaks down ATP?

  ATPase
• What type of reaction occurs when energy is released from ATP?

  Exothermic reaction
• What is produced when ATP is broken down?

  ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
• What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

  Regeneration of ADP + Pi back into ATP
• What fuels enable the resynthesis of ATP?

  Glycogen, fats, protein, phosphocreatine
• Where is glycogen stored?

  In muscle and liver
• What percentage of energy yield does protein contribute?

  15%
• How long is phosphocreatine used as fuel?

  0-10 seconds
• What are the three energy systems?

  Aerobic oxidative, anaerobic glycolytic, ATP-PC
• What determines which energy system is used?

  Intensity and duration of exercise
• What is the preferred pathway when intensity is low and oxygen supply is high?

  Aerobic system
• What fuels does the aerobic system use to resynthesize ATP?

  Glycogen, fats, and protein
• How many ATP molecules are produced from the oxidation of glucose?

  36-38 ATP
• What happens to fatty acids during the aerobic system?

  They are reduced to acetyl coenzyme A
• What is the first stage of the aerobic system?

  Glycolysis
• Where does glycolysis take place?

  Sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
• What does glycolysis produce from one molecule of glucose?

  2 molecules of ATP
• What does pyruvic acid convert into if oxygen is present?

  Acetyl coenzyme A
• What does pyruvic acid convert into if oxygen is not present?

  Lactic acid
• What are the three stages of the aerobic (oxidative) system?

  Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
• Where do the second and third stages of the aerobic oxidative system occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What is produced in the Krebs Cycle?

  CO2, H2O, H+ ions, 2 ATP
• What enters the Electron Transport Chain from the Krebs Cycle?

  Hydrogen ions
• How much ATP is produced in the Electron Transport Chain?

  32-34 ATP
• What is the overall ATP production in the aerobic oxidative system?

  36-38 ATP
• What is beta oxidation?

  Breakdown of stored fats
• Why is a diet rich in carbohydrates important for athletes?

  It replenishes glycogen stores for energy
• What role do unsaturated fats play in an athlete's diet?

  Source of energy and cell membrane integrity
• What are the positives of the aerobic oxidative system?

  High energy yield and no fatiguing by-products
• What are the negatives of the aerobic oxidative system?

  Only used during submaximal activities
• What is the duration of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

  1. 10 seconds to 3 minutes