geog paper 1

• What are the main topics covered in paper one of the physical geography exam?

  Natural hazards, living world, physical landscapes
• Which environments should you focus on in the living world section?

  Cold environments, not deserts
• What physical landscapes should you focus on in the exam?

  Coasts and rivers, not glacial landscapes
• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process causing harm to humans
• Give an example of a tectonic hazard.

  Earthquakes
• What are geological hazards?

  Hazards related to the Earth's geology
• What are atmospheric hazards?

  Hazards related to weather phenomena
• What are the layers of the Earth from outermost to innermost?

  Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  About five to ten kilometers
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from radioactive decay in the core
• How do convection currents affect tectonic plates?

  They create drag on the base of plates
• What is a destructive plate margin?

  Where crust is being destroyed
• What happens at a constructive plate margin?

  New crust is created as plates pull apart
• What is a conservative plate margin?

  Plates slide past each other
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus
• What are seismic waves?

  Waves that radiate from the focus
• What can be done to manage earthquake risks?

  Build earthquake-resistant buildings
• What is the case study for the Gawker earthquake?

  Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, 2015
• What magnitude was the Gawker earthquake?

  1. 8 magnitude
• What secondary impact occurred due to the Gawker earthquake?

  A landslide
• What is a primary effect of an earthquake?

  Immediate impact from the earthquake
• What is a lahar?

  A fast-flowing mudflow from a volcano
• What is pyroclastic flow?

  Superheated gas and volcanic matter
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, polar cell
• Why might some countries respond better to earthquakes than others?

  Wealthier countries have better resources
• What happens at low pressure systems?

  Hot air rises, causing stormy weather
• What happens at high pressure systems?

  Cold air sinks, creating calm weather
• From where do winds blow?

  From high pressure to low pressure
• What are the impacts of living near tectonic hazards?

  • Risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
  • Potential for loss of life and property
  • Economic impacts due to damage
  • Benefits like fertile soil for agriculture
• What are the differences between LICs and HICs in responding to natural hazards?

  LICs (Low-Income Countries):

  • Limited resources for recovery
  • Slower response times
  • Higher vulnerability to impacts

  
  

  HICs (High-Income Countries):

  • More resources for recovery
  • Faster response times
  • Better infrastructure and planning
• What are the characteristics of tropical storms?

  • Form over warm ocean waters
  • Different names based on location (hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones)
  • Intense winds and heavy rainfall
  • Can cause significant damage to coastal areas
• What is global atmospheric circulation?

  • Movement of air around the Earth
  • Driven by solar heating
  • Involves three main cells: Hadley, Ferrel, and polar
  • Influences weather patterns and climate
• What are the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes?

  Primary Effects:

  • Immediate destruction of buildings
  • Loss of life and injuries

  
  

  Secondary Effects:

  • Landslides and tsunamis
  • Long-term economic impacts
• What are the management strategies for earthquake hazards?

  • Building earthquake-resistant structures
  • Public education and awareness programs
  • Use of technology for prediction (seismometers, satellite surveying)
  • Emergency response planning
• What are the differences between immediate and long-term responses to earthquakes?

  Immediate Responses:

  • Search and rescue operations
  • Provision of emergency aid

  
  

  Long-Term Responses:

  • Reconstruction of infrastructure
  • Economic recovery efforts
• What are the types of plate boundaries?

  • Destructive: Crust is destroyed
  • Constructive: New crust is formed
  • Conservative: Plates slide past each other
• What are the characteristics of the Earth's layers?

  • Crust: Thin outer layer, varies in thickness
  • Mantle: Thickest layer, semi-liquid rock
  • Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel
  • Inner Core: Solid, extremely hot, dense
• What are the causes of volcanic eruptions?

  • Movement of tectonic plates
  • Pressure build-up from magma
  • Release of gases from magma
• What are the effects of volcanic ash clouds?

  • Disruption of air travel
  • Damage to agriculture
  • Health hazards for respiratory systems