● Aorta – transports oxygenated blood from heart → respiring body tissues
Name the blood vessels entering and leaving the kidneys
● Renal arteries – oxygenated blood → kidneys
● Renal veins – deoxygenated blood to vena cava from kidneys
Name the the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Coronary arteries - located on surface of the heart, branching from aorta
Label a diagram to show the gross structure of the human heart (inside)
learn!!
Suggest why the wall of the leftventricle is thicker than that of the right
● Thicker muscle to contract with greater force
● To generate higher pressure to pump blood around entire body
Explain the pressure & volume changes and associated valve movements during Atrial systole that maintains a unidirectional flow of blood
atria contract
So their volume decreases and pressure increases
Atrioventricular valves open when pressure in atria exceeds pressure in ventricles
Semilunar valve remains shut as pressure in arteries exceeds pressure in ventricles
So blood pushed into ventricles
Explain the pressure & volume changes and associated valve movements during Ventricular systole that maintain a unidirectional flow of blood
ventricles contract
so their volume decreases and pressure increases
atrioventricular ventricles shut when pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in atria
semilunar valves open when pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries
so blood pushed out of the heart through arteries
Explain the pressure & volume changes and associated valve movements during diastole that maintain a unidirectional flow of blood
atria and ventricles relax
so their volume increases and pressure decreases
semilunar valves shut when pressure in arteries exceeds pressure in ventricles
atrioventricular valves open when pressure in atria exceeds pressure in ventricles
so blood fills atria via veins and flows passively to ventricles
Explain how graphs showing pressure or volume changes during the cardiac cycle can be interpreted, eg. to identify when valves are open / closed
Semilunar valves closed:Pressure in [named] artery more than ventricle-no backflow blood from artery to ventricles
Semilunar valves open:pressure in ventricle more than [named] artery-blood flows from ventricle to artery
Atrioventricular valves closed : Pressure in ventricle more than atrium-no backflow of blood from ventricles to atrium
Atrioventricular valves open:pressure in atrium more than ventricle - blood flows from atrium to ventricle
How can heart rate be calculated from cardiac cycle data?
Heart rate (bpm) = 60(seconds)/length of one cardiac cycle (seconds)
Describe the equation for cardiac output
Cardiac output (volume of blood pumped out of heart per min) = stroke volume (volume of blood pumped in each heart beat) x heart rate ( number of beats per min)
Explain how the structure of arteries relates to their function
Function - carry blood away from heart at high pressure
Thick smooth muscle tissue - Can contract and control/maintain/withstand blood flow/pressure
Thick elastic tissue - Can stretch as ventricles contract and recoil as ventricles relax, to reduce pressure surges/ even out blood pressure/ maintain high pressure
Thick wall - Withstands high pressure/ prevents bursting