Actus Reus

• What does 'actus reus' literally mean?

  'Guilty act'
• What is the broader meaning of 'actus reus'?

  It is the physical element of a crime
• What are the three forms of actus reus?

  • An act
  • An omission (failing to act)
  • A state of affairs (being, rather than doing)
• What are conduct crimes?

  Crimes where AR is the prohibited behavior
• What is an example of a conduct crime?

  Drink driving under s.5(1) Road Traffic Act 1988
• What is required for consequence crimes?

  AR must result in a criminal consequence
• What is an example of a consequence crime?

  Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
• What must be proven in consequence crimes?

  There must be an injury resulting from the assault
• What is the voluntary nature of actus reus?

  The act or omission must be voluntary
• What is an exception to the voluntary nature of actus reus?

  State of affairs crimes
• What examples did the court give in *Hill v Baxter*?

  Being stung by bees or having a heart attack
• What does 'involuntariness' indicate in criminal law?

  It shows a lack of fault by the defendant
• How does the absence of fault affect criminal liability?

  Defendant is usually not liable
• What is the distinction between actus reus and mens rea?

  Actus reus is the act, mens rea is intent
• How do omissions affect criminal liability?

  Failing to act can lead to liability
• What role does intent play in conduct and consequence crimes?

  Intent is crucial for establishing liability
• What are the legal consequences of involuntary actions?

  They may absolve the defendant from liability