week 9

• 1945


  Fremont Rider described the miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be duplicated on demand for library patrons and other institutions
• 1965


  Moore’s law was formulated. It is an observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.
• Early 1980s


  production of the smaller and less expensive personal computers allowed for direct access to information.
• 1995


  Nicholas Negroponte published his book, “Being Digital”, which talked about the similarities and differences between products made of atoms and bits
• types of information age

  • Primary Information Age: books, newspapers, radios, televisions.
  • Secondary Information Age: internet, satellite, smart phones
  • Tertiary Information Age: emerged from the integration of Primary Information Age and Secondary Information Age (e.g. Kindle App/Product = being able to read books through tablets or smart phones, a combination of Primary and Secondary Information Age.)
• pre-industrial age

  • About 2.5 million years before writing was developed
  • technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone tools, which they may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead.
  • Communications were limited between communities.
  • People used traditional paper and writing materials, signs or symbols to communicate with each other.
• pre-industrial age


  • Egyptians used papyrus scrolls.
  • Sumerian used clay tablets
  • pre-historic men used hand stencils and simple geometric shapes to create art on the walls of caves and Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press during Renaissance period.
• industrial age


  • A period of history that encompasses the changes in economic and social organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries
  • characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with the power-driven machines such as the Jacquard loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.
• Communication during the Industrial Age

  • Samuel Morse: invented telegraph and morse code, which became the standard for international communication.
  • Alexander Graham Bell: patented the telephone, an electric tool transmitting analogue speech along wires.
  • Thomas Edison: invented the phonograph, a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.
  • Heinrich Hertz: identified and studied radio waves in 1886.
  • Guiglielmo Marconi: developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers.
  • Philo Farnsworth: invented the first fully electronic television.
• Electronic Age


  • Began when electronic equipment and large technologies, including computers came into use.
  • People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers
• Transistor


  led to the creation of other media tool.
• Transistor Radio


  became the most popular electronic communication device in its time
• EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) 


  – considered to be the first stored-program electronic computer.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 


  – considered to be the first electronic general purpose digital computer.
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)


  – considered to be the first line of electronic digital universal stored-program computers.
• IBM


  – is the first institution to mass-produce computers with floating-point arithmetic hardware.
• Hewlett Packard 9100A 


  – an early prototype of a programmable calculator.
• Floppy disks 


  – an early type of removable magnetic storage medium shaped like a CD.
• Walkman


  – the first digital portable audio cassette player.
• Information Age


  • An era where people advance the use of microelectronics with personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.
  • Voices, images, sounds, and data are now digitalized and is easily accessible through the internet.
• YouTube


  – created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim; an online video-sharing website
• Facebook


  – founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow roommates; a popular global social networking site that is now known as Meta – an integration of other social networking site such as Instagram, Messenger, Facebook Watch, and Facebook Business Suite.
• TikTok


  – founded ByteDance that developed the video sharing platform “Douyin”
• macOS 


  – originally Mac OS X, is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple (founded by Steve Jobs) since 2001. It is the primary operating system of Apple’s Mac computers.
• Microsoft 


  – founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, best-known for their software products such as the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft 365 suite of productivity applications, the Azure cloud computing platform, and the Edge web browser.
• Google LLC


  – founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, a technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence
• ChatGPT


  – a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI. Based on GPT-4o large language model (that directly learns from its users through algorithm and open data collected through the internet). It generates human-like conversation responses, and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language.