Misleading Information

• What do Loftus & Palmer's studies primarily investigate?

  How misleading information affects eyewitness accounts
• What are the key evaluations of Loftus & Palmer's study?

  • Low ecological validity
  • Real-world application
  • Real-world experiences differ
• What is a criticism of Loftus & Palmer's ecological validity?

  Conducted in a lab with video recordings
• Why might participants in Loftus & Palmer's study experience demand characteristics?

  They knew they were part of an experiment
• What did Loftus & Palmer suggest about police questioning?

  Questions should be open-ended and neutral
• How do real-world experiences differ from Loftus & Palmer's study conditions?

  Real situations lack controlled environments
• What are the key evaluations of Gabbert's study?

  • Ethical standing
  • High ecological validity
  • Memory conformity
• What ethical concern is associated with Gabbert's study?

  Participants may feel psychological distress
• Why does Gabbert's study have high ecological validity?

  Participants discussed the event like in real life
• What did Skagerberg and Wright find about post-event discussion?

  It caused merging of details in eyewitness accounts
• What were the main findings of Loftus & Palmer's car crash study?

  • Leading questions affect speed estimates
  • "Smashed" group estimated 40 MPH
  • "Contacted" group estimated 31 MPH
• What was the purpose of Loftus & Palmer's smashed glass study?

  To see how closed-response questions affect validity
• What was the result of Loftus & Palmer's smashed glass study?

  Participants reported seeing broken glass incorrectly
• What were the main findings of Gabbert's eyewitness discussion study?

  • 71% recalled incorrectly after discussion
  • Control group recalled perfectly
• What method did Gabbert use in his study?

  Participants watched a crime clip from different angles
• What was the impact of post-event discussion in Gabbert's study?

  It led to incorrect recall of the incident
• How do Loftus & Palmer and Gabbert's studies contribute to understanding eyewitness testimonies?

  • Show effects of misleading information
  • Highlight importance of questioning techniques
  • Demonstrate memory conformity in discussions
• What is the significance of misleading information in eyewitness testimonies?

  It can distort memory and affect accuracy
• How does the wording of questions influence eyewitness testimonies?

  Leading questions can alter memory recall
• What implications do Loftus & Palmer's findings have for legal practices?

  Questioning techniques must be carefully designed