WK8 L15: Common Ground Part 1

• What is required for successful communication?

  It takes two to communicate
• What roles do the speaker and addressee play in communication?

  Both need to participate actively
• What does communication fill?

  A knowledge gap
• What does the speaker know that the addressee does not?

  The speaker knows X
• What happens to the addressee after communication?

  The addressee knows X
• Can the speaker simply encode X in a sentence?

  No, it requires more than that
• What is an example of inefficient communication?

  "Can you pass me a small glass container?"
• What is needed for efficient communication?

  Linguistic expressions need to be succinct
• What do succinct expressions often rely on?

  Inferences
• What is common ground in communication?

  Shared knowledge between speaker and addressee
• Why is common ground important for communication?

  It builds on what is shared
• What are the two types of common ground?

  Public and private knowledge
• What is linguistic copresence?

  Shared discourse record between speakers
• What does physical copresence refer to?

  Both interlocutors see object X
• How is common ground established in the tangram figures task?

  Through descriptions and collaboration
• What are the steps in the tangram figures task?

  1. Choose a tangram and write a SOLO description.
  2. Collaborate to write a JOINT description.
  3. Create a short story about the tangram.
  4. Reflect on how you referred to the tangram.
• What are referential pacts?

  Agreements on how to refer to things
• How do agreed-upon labels compare to non-shared labels?

  They tend to be shorter and more efficient
• How can referential pacts be established?

  Explicitly or implicitly
• What is priming in communication?

  An implicit memory effect influencing behavior
• What is linguistic priming?

  Repeating language used by partners
• How does interactive alignment facilitate communication?

  It converges internal representations
• What is convergence in speech accommodation theory?

  Adapting to each other's speech characteristics
• What is linguistic divergence?

  Using more distinct language variants
• How does convergence affect perceptions of intimacy?

  It increases perceived intimacy and compliance
• What is the Director Task used to measure?

  Theory of Mind abilities

  
• What does the research question in Keysar et al. (2000) focus on?

  How addressees use common ground
• What does fixation refer to in the study's results?

  Consecutive look at an object for 100 ms
• What conclusion can be drawn about addressees' perspectives?

  Addressees can be egocentric in interpretation
• What is Rubio Fernández's objection to the Director Task?

  It is too artificial for strong conclusions
• What does the Director Task require from participants?

  A high level of attention
• What should we be cautious about when interpreting results?

  Results from a single task
• What does the conclusion suggest about addressees in communication?

  They may fail to consider the speaker's perspective