4.1.2 Memory

• Multi store model - Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
• MSM sensory measure has a large capacity and very short duration of 0.5s
• MSM STM has a limite capacity of 7 plus/minus 2 items and duration is 18-30 secs and is encoded acoustically
• MSM LTM has an unlimited capacity with lifelong duration and is encoded semantically
• MSM: attention to STM to rehearsal to LTM via maintenance rehearsal
• HM case supports MSM - hippocampus removed LTM and STM are separate
• WMM - Baddeley and Hitch 1974
• WMM STM is active and has multiple components
• WMM central executive controls attention and has limited capacity
• WMM phonological loop deals with verbal information
• WMM visuospatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial data
• WMM episodic buffer integrates information from different stores
• WMM supporting evidence dual task studies KF
• the three main features of memory stores are capacity, duration and coding
• the capacity of STM is 7±2 items (Miller 1956)
• duration of STM is 18-30 seconds (Peterson & Peterson 1959)
• information is encoded in STM mainly acoustically (Baddeley 1966)
• the capacity of LTM is potentially unlimited
• the duration of LTM is can last a lifetime (Bahrick et al, 1975)
• LTM information is encoded mainly semantically (Baddeley 1966)
• the three stores of the MSM are sensory register, short-term memory, and long term memory
• MSM Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968)
• MSM - info from STM to LTM through rehearsal
• the sensory register holds sensory information very breviary before processing
• a limitation of MSM is that it oversimplifies memory, treating STM and LTM as unitary stores
• WMM Baddeley & Hitch 1974
• the four components of the WMM is central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
• the central executive allocates and controls the slave systems
• the phonological loop stores words and reverses sounds (articulatory loop)
• the visuospatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information
• the episodic buffer integrates info from different stores and links to LTM
• WMM is supported by dual-task studies (eg Baddeley and Hitch 1976)
• Types of LTM Tulving 1985
• three types of LTM are episodic, semantic and procedural memory
• episodic memory is memory for personal experiences, including time and place
• semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge
• procedural memory is memory for skills and actions eg riding a bike
• episodic and semantic LTM is declaritive
• procedural memory is non-declarative
• HM study supports LTM