External factors

• What are the two main social classes compared in educational achievement?

  Working class (W/C) and middle class (M/C)
• What types of workers are included in the W/C category?

  Skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers
• What types of professionals are included in the M/C category?

  Doctors, teachers, managers, and business owners
• How does social class background influence educational success?

  It significantly affects children's chances of success
• Which group of children tends to perform better at GCSE?

  Middle class (M/C) children
• What are external factors in education?

  Influences outside the education system
• What is cultural deprivation?

  Lack of the 'right' culture for educational success
• What do W/C and black children reportedly lack according to cultural deprivation theory?

  Basic 'cultural equipment'
• How early do class differences in achievement appear?

  Very early in life
• What did a 2007 study find about children from disadvantaged backgrounds?

  They are up to 1 year behind privileged peers
• How does language affect educational success?

  It influences intellectual development and schooling
• What do Bereiter and Engelmann claim about lower-class language?

  It is deficient and lacks complexity
• What is the impact of deficient language skills on children?

  They struggle with abstract thinking
• What did Feinstein find about educated parents and their children?

  They use praise to encourage competence
• What are the two types of speech codes identified by Bernstein?

  1. Restricted Code:

  • Used by W/C
  • Limited vocabulary, simple sentences
  • Context-bound communication

  
  

  1. Elaborated Code:

  • Used by M/C
  • Wider vocabulary, complex sentences
  • Context-free communication
• Why do M/C children have an advantage in school?

  They are fluent in the elaborated code
• How does parenting style differ between educated and less educated parents?

  Educated parents emphasize discipline and expectations
• What do Bernstein and Young find about M/C mothers?

  They buy educational toys and books
• What is a subculture?

  A group with different attitudes and values
• What are the four key features of W/C subcultures according to Sugarman?

  Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present-time orientation
• How do W/C children internalize their subculture's beliefs?

  Through the socialisation process
• What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about parental values?

  They pass on class values through socialisation
• What is the aim of compensatory education (CE) programs?

  • Tackle cultural deprivation
  • Provide extra resources to schools
  • Intervene early in socialisation
  • Promote development in deprived areas
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  Lack of material necessities like housing
• How does housing affect children's education?

  Overcrowding and instability disrupt learning
• What health issues can arise from poor housing?

  Ill health leading to school absences
• How does diet affect educational achievement?

  Poor nutrition lowers energy and health
• What financial burdens do poor families face regarding education?

  Costs of transport, uniform, and equipment
• What are the three types of capital according to Bourdieu?

  1. Cultural Capital:

  • Knowledge, attitudes, values, language

  
  

  1. Economic Capital:

  • Wealth and ownership of assets

  
  

  1. Educational Capital:

  • Knowledge about education and access to resources
• How does cultural capital benefit M/C children?

  It gives them an advantage in school
• How do W/C children perceive their culture in school?

  As inferior, leading to exam failure
• What do M/C parents do to enhance their children's education?

  Send them to private schools and pay for tuition