Gender

• Connel calls traditional masculinities hegemonic masculinity, which are associated with:

  1. male supremacy
  2. heterosexuality
  3. aggression
  4. laddish culture
• Traditional feminity is referred to as passive feminity
• Archer argues that the family socialises gender roles as children imitate their parent's behaviours
• Oakley states that the family reinforces traditional gender roles through verbal applications, manipulation, and canalisation
• Gender socialization begins at a young age and occurs through various agents such as family, peers, media, and education.
• Davis argues gender socialisation is taught through the media in adverts as they almost exclusively show women doing cooking cleaning or child care
• Connel argues that a key feature of traditional masculinity is to be a breadwinner.
• Adkins states that women take on subordinated femininities to obtain and keep certain jobs. They will exaggerate their passive feminine identity as they believe it will please their male bosses
• Davis argues that gender socialization is also taught through the media, as advertisements often depict women engaging in cooking, cleaning, or child care.
• Lees states that boys police the behaviour of girls with language (double standard) by calling girls sluts and whores
• Frosh et al: boys who value school are viewed as feminine therefore they often give an image of not trying hard in school
• Ready: boys are given greater freedom from teachers and get away with small acts of deviance, whereas girls are expected to conform to the rules more. Archer agreed and said boys are encouraged to act silly aggressive and have short temper ( class clowns)
• Miller & Hoffman say that men have superior roles to women in the religion, making women act passive
• Blackman found groups of girls who were highly visible in school. In groups, they found the confidence to challenge sexism. She called this change assertive women.
• Wilkinson said there had been a rise in assertive women because of the genderquake. Women are now a significant part of the labour market, meaning they have more power and money to demand equality from men.
• Jackson argued a new type of girl had emerged called a ladette. She argued that this was a way for girls to be seen as cool and take pressure away from school.
• Brinkworth and Burrel argue that the rise of ladettes is due to the media showing that more girls commit acts of deviance.
• Seidler found that some girls at home still were forced to act like in a traditional femininity way but outside of the house girls would adopt stronger, more questioning femininity's
• Parker and Lyle described the new man/compucit as domesticated and feminised males who show emotions and share an equal relationship with their partners.
• The new man has emerged due to the changing roles of women who are entering the workplace and demanding that men take on more of an equal share in the house. However, Parker and Lyle doubted whether the new man existed outside white middle-class households.
• Simpson declared that the 21st male was a metrosexual as they were interested in diet ,fashion, body image and could show emotions without being gay
• The Media influenced the rise of metrosexual males due to celebrity culture and changing consumer culture
• Willott and Griffin discovered marginalised masculinities among the long-term unemployed working class as traditional beliefs about being a breadwinner could not be provided
• Marginalised Masculinities are men who feel like there are no job opportunities which leads them to have a crisis in masculinity ( Mac an Ghaill)
• Boys are often given more freedom and are allowed to engage in small acts of deviance, while girls are expected to follow the rules more strictly.
• Children are exposed to gender socialization through media from a young age, as advertisements often depict women engaging in cooking, cleaning, or child care.
• who said that boys are often given more freedom and are allowed to engage in small acts of deviance, while girls are expected to follow the rules more strictly?

  Ready
• Kimmel argued that boys and girls conform to traditional gender roles because of the fear of being bullied by school mates
• Which sociologists talk about the Gendered Superhero Stories from the media?

  Marsh and Millard
• What do "chick lit's" teach young girls according to Gill and Herdieckerhoff?

  the importance of appearances and that they should be sexually exertive
• Frosh added onto Archers study (imitating roles) finding that young boys felt emotionally closer to their mothers than their fathers
• Gauntlett talked about how the media teaches people how to dress,behave and interact according to gender
• One example of Gauntlett's theory is:

  "Girls rules" which make girls act friendly with one another
• Men try hard at work because it is apart of their hagemonic masculinity (being a breadwinner): according to Connel
• Frosh talks about three studies which are?

  • Father are emotionally detached which their sons copy
  • Boys gain status by being sporty
  • Boys dont try hard at school because its "feminine"
• Which sociologists say that the family socialise children into traditional gender roles?

  1. Archer (imitate parents)
  2. Frosh et al (detached fathers)
  3. Oakley (voice,toys and ideas)
• Which sociologists say that Peers socialise people into traditional gender roles?

  1. Frosh et al (status from being sporty)
  2. Kimmel (fear of being bullied)
  3. Lees (police girls)
• Which sociologists say that the Media socialise people into traditional gender roles?

  1. Davis (women in adverts)
  2. Gill and Herdieckerhoff (chick lit)
  3. Gauntlett (how to dress etc)
  4. Marsh and Millard (superhero stories)
• Which sociologists say that Education socialises people into traditional gender roles?

  1. Frosh (school is feminine)
  2. Ready (boys get away more)
• Which Sociologist talk sbout religion causing traditional gender socialisation?

  Miller and Hoffman