Migration

• Migration

  • Immigration - Moving into a country
  • Emigration - Moving out of a country
  • Net migration - The difference between the numbers immigrating and the numbers of people emigrating
  • Internal migration - staying in the country but moving around
• 1980s

  Until the 1980s the numbers of those immigrating were less than those emigrating. Every year from 1946 until 1978 more people left the UK than arrived.
• 1950s

  Black immigrants from the Caribbean began to arrive and during the 60s and 70s south Asian immigrants began to arrive from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Then east Afircan Asians from Uganda and Kenya.
• 1980s

  Non-whites accounted for more than ¼ of all immigrants. More recently countries of the EU became the main source of UK settles e.g The UK has a large Polish Communtity and also relies heavily on migrant workers. By 2021, EM groups accounted for 14.4% of the population.
• UK Pull Factors

  • Multiculturalism
  • Good economy - higher wages
  • Job opportunities
  • Free health care and education
• UK Push Factors

  • Weather
  • Government
  • Tax
  • Cost of living
• Future Trends

  • Increasing levels of both Immigration and Emigration
  • Immigration (314,000-582,000)
  • Emigration (238,000-360,000)
  • Immigration tend to be young and emigrants tend to be older
  • Low fertility means the UK population is unable to replace itself, so if it wasn't for net migration the population would be declining.
• Population size

  • Net migration is high e.g. 2014 - 260,000
  • 47% of immigrants were non-EU citizens, 38% were EU citizens and 14% were British citizens returning to the UK
  • Natural increase in births exceeding deaths. However, births to UK born mothers remain low
  • Birth to non-UK born mothers are higher and account for 25% of all births
• Age structure

  • Directly - immigrants are generally younger e.g. 2011 average age of UK passport holders was 41, Non-UK passport holders living in Britain was 31
  • Indirectly - Being younger, immigrants are more fertile and produce more children
  • The longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rates comes to the national age, reducing the impact on the dependency ratio
• Syrian refugee crisis

  • Millions of Syrians were displaced and this displacement has led to a humanitarian crisis, with many people struggling to access food, water and healthcare.
  • The UK granted asylum to almost 5,000 Syrian nationals in 2012
  • 2017 - 86% of initial asylum decisions in Syrian cases gave permission to remain in the UK.
  • The UK has committed over £246 billion into helping refugees in Syria.
• Brexit

  • Immigration fell by almost 70% compared to its peak in 2016
  • 2022 the UK saw a record high in net migration reaching 764,000
  • Non-EU nationals accounted for 91% of work related migrants
  • Tuition fees for most overseas students are roughly double the amount paid by home students