Alcohols

• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C_nH_2n+1OH
• How are alcohols named?

  They end in -ol with position numbers
• What is the name of the compound with the structure CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CH₃?

  butan-2-ol
• What prefix is used for an -OH group when other functional groups are present?

  hydroxy-
• What is the name of the compound CH₃CH(OH)COOH?

  1. hydroxypropanoic acid
• How are multiple -OH groups indicated in alcohol naming?

  Using di, tri, etc., with an 'e'
• What is the name of the compound with the formula C₂H₆O and two -OH groups?

  ethane-1,2-diol
• What defines a primary alcohol?

  One carbon attached to the carbon with -OH
• What defines a secondary alcohol?

  Two carbons attached to the carbon with -OH
• What defines a tertiary alcohol?

  Three carbons attached to the carbon with -OH
• What is the bond angle for H-C-H and C-C-O in alcohols?

  109.5°
• What is the bond angle for H-O-C in alcohols?

  104.5°
• Why do alcohols have high boiling points?

  Due to hydrogen bonding between molecules
• Why can smaller alcohols dissolve in water?

  They can form hydrogen bonds with water
• What is the oxidizing agent that causes alcohols to oxidize?

  Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)
• What is the product of the partial oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Aldehyde
• What reagent is used for the partial oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute sulfuric acid
• What is the condition for the partial oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Warm gently and distill out aldehyde
• What is the naming convention for aldehydes?

  Ends in -al
• What is the observation when primary alcohols are oxidized?

  Orange dichromate reduces to green Cr³⁺
• Write the oxidation equation for propan-1-ol to propanal.

  CH₃CH₂CH₂OH + [O] → CH₃CH₂CHO + H₂O
• What is the purpose of distillation in organic chemistry?

  To separate an organic product from its mixture
• What should be done to maximize yield during distillation?

  Collect distillate at desired boiling point
• Where should the thermometer bulb be placed in a distillation setup?

  At the T junction connecting to the condenser
• Why does water enter the condenser from the bottom?

  To improve cooling and prevent backflow
• Why are electric heaters used for heating organic chemicals?

  To prevent fire hazards from naked flames
• How can the collection flask be cooled to improve yield?

  By placing it in ice
• What is the product of the full oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Carboxylic acid
• What are the conditions for full oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Excess dichromate and heat under reflux
• What is the observation during full oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Orange dichromate reduces to green Cr³⁺
• What is reflux used for in organic reactions?

  To prevent organic vapors from escaping
• Why should the end of the condenser never be sealed?

  To prevent gas pressure buildup and explosion
• What are anti-bumping granules used for?

  To prevent vigorous, uneven boiling
• What is the product of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

  Ketone
• What reagent is used for the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

  Potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute sulfuric acid
• What is the condition for the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

  Heat under reflux
• What do ketones end in?

  • one
• What happens to ketones during oxidation under these conditions?

  No further oxidation occurs
• How can aldehydes be distinguished from ketones?

  Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones cannot
• What is Tollens’ reagent made from?

  Aqueous ammonia and silver nitrate