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Biology
Foundations in Biology
Enzymes
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Created by
Ruby M
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Cards (29)
What do enzymes do to the rate of reaction?
They increase the rate by lowering
activation energy
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
Area where the reaction with substrate occurs
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Why are enzymes specific to substrates?
Only one type of substrate fits the
active site
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What happens when an enzyme and substrate form a complex?
The enzyme's
structure
is
altered
to
fit
the
substrate
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What is the induced fit model?
Enzyme structure
changes to fit the
substrate
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What factors affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions?
Enzyme
concentration
Substrate concentration
Temperature
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How does enzyme concentration affect reaction rate?
Increases rate until
substrate
becomes
limiting factor
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What happens when substrate concentration increases?
Rate of reaction increases until
enzyme
becomes limiting
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What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?
Temperature at which enzymes work at
maximum rate
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What happens to the rate of reaction above the optimum temperature?
Rate
of
reaction
decreases
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What is an inhibitor?
A
substance
that slows down or stops a
reaction
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How do irreversible inhibitors affect enzymes?
They permanently change the shape of the
active site
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What are examples of irreversible inhibitors?
Heavy metal ions
like
mercury
and
cyanide
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How do reversible inhibitors bind to enzymes?
Through
hydrogen bonds
and weak
ionic interactions
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What are the two types of reversible inhibitors?
Competitive
and
non-competitive
inhibitors
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How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
They compete with
substrate
for the
active site
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What happens to product formation with competitive inhibitors?
Amount of product
remains the same
, rate decreases
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How can the effect of competitive inhibitors be reversed?
By increasing
substrate
concentration
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How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
They change the shape of the
active site
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What are the three types of cofactors?
Coenzymes
Activators
Prosthetic groups
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What role does Ritonavir play in HIV treatment?
It inhibits
HIV protease
enzyme
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What is an example of a drug that acts as an inhibitor?
Penicillin
inhibits
transpeptidase
enzyme
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What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on non-competitive inhibition?
It has
no effect
on non-competitive inhibition
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What are coenzymes?
Organic
cofactors
that do not bind
permanently
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What is an example of a coenzyme?
NAD
derived from
niacin
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What are activators?
Inorganic
metal ions that temporarily bind to
enzymes
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What is an example of an activator?
Magnesium ion
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What are prosthetic groups?
Permanently attached groups to
enzymes
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What is an example of a prosthetic group?
Haem group
in
hemoglobin
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