Chemistry Paper Two

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant used or product formed
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution is becoming cloudy
• What happens to the time taken for a reaction as temperature increases?

  It takes less time
• Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?

  Particles move more quickly and collide more
• What does a graph of gas volume against time typically look like?

  A curve that starts steep and levels out
• How can you find the rate of reaction at a specific time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  It increases the rate of reaction
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It reduces activation energy needed
• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can return to original reactants
• What happens at equilibrium in a closed system?

  Rates of forward and reverse reactions equal
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  System adjusts to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What are organic compounds primarily made of?

  Carbon forming the backbone
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Mostly hydrocarbons
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the relationship between viscosity and alkane length?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is a polymer?

  A long chain made from repeating units
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  -OH group
• What happens when alcohols combust?

  They produce carbon dioxide and water
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH group
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining two monomers with water produced
• What are amino acids the building blocks of?

  Proteins
• What is DNA made from?

  Two polymers spiraling in a double helix
• What is a formulation in chemistry?

  A mixture designed for a specific purpose
• How can purity of a substance be tested?

  By measuring its melting or boiling point
• What are the factors that increase the rate of a reaction?

  • Increasing concentration of reactants
  • Increasing pressure of gas reactants
  • Increasing surface area of solid reactants
  • Increasing temperature
  • Adding a catalyst
• What are the steps of fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Heat crude oil to evaporate it
  2. Gases rise up the fractionating column
  3. Different lengths condense at different heights
  4. Collect fractions based on boiling points
• What are the types of polymerization processes?

  • Addition polymerization: Monomers with double bonds
  • Condensation polymerization: Monomers with functional groups
• What are the properties of different fractions of crude oil?

  • Longer fractions: Higher boiling points, more viscous
  • Shorter fractions: Lower boiling points, more flammable
• What are the uses of alkanes and alkenes?

  • Alkanes: Fuels, lubricants, solvents
  • Alkenes: Used to make polymers
• What is the significance of the double bond in alkenes?

  • Indicates unsaturation
  • Allows for reactions with bromine and water