immigration

• sociology immigrant

  migration - movement in 

  emigration - movement out 

  immigration - movement in + out

  net migration - difference between migration and emigration

  push factors - reasons that push someone out of a country

  pull factors - reasons that pull someone into a country 

  • education
  • job opportunities 
  • conflict
  • health care

  globalisation - society is inter connected
• conservative

  •   4 years before claiming benefits
  •   social housing reduced
  •   cut net migration to 10,000s

  Libdem

  •   6 month period before benefits /housing
  •   In work benefits only to those working 35 hours a week
  •   encourage high minimum wage
  •   Skill immigration

  UKIP

  •   points based immigration system
  •   EU + non Eu passports
  •   tougher on illegal immigration
• Labour

  •   2 years before claiming
  •   tougher penalties for exploiters of illegal / immigrants workers

  Green

  •   People who have lived here illegally for 5 years allowed to stay
  •   no preferential treatment for skilled / unskilled
• Acceleration

  •   Migration rate is speeding up
  •   UN (2020) - in 2019 amount of international migrants was almost 272 million globally. Increased by 51 million from 2010
• Super Diversity - Steven Vertovec (2007)

  • migrants from wide ranges of countries
  •   differences in legal status eg citizens or spouses
  •   Class differences amongst immigrants

  1.   Citizens (voting rights and access to benefits)
  2.   Denizens- privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. billionaires, highly paid employees of multinational companies 
  3. Helots (slaves)- most exploited group. Disposable units of labour, unskilled poorly paid, often illegally trafficked workers
• Differentiation

  •   many types of immigrants
  •   Permanent settlers, Temporary workers, spouses
  •   Forced (refuges and asylum seekers)
  •   Globalisation is increasing the diversity of immigrants
  •   Students are now a major group: in 2019/20 there were over 140 000 Chinese born students studying in the UK
  •   They formed homogenous ethnic communities
• Feminisation

  •   In the past, mostly male migrants
  •   Today almost half of global migrants are female

  Ehrenreich and Hoschild (2003)

  1.   Expansion of service occupations-increased demand for female labour
  2.   Western women have joined the labour force and are less willing to do domestic labour
  3. Western men remain unwilling to do domestic labour
  4. Failure of the state to provide adequate childcare

  Isabel Shutes 2011

  • 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants and most female
  • migrant nannies provide care for their employers’ children whilst having to leave their own behind
  • mail order bribes
• Transnational - Eriksen (2007)

  •   Globalisation created more diverse migration patterns with back and forth movements as opposed to permanent settlement
  •   Migrants less likely to see themselves as belonging to one country or culture
  •   Modern technology makes it easy to keep global ties without having to travel
• Team multiculturalism

  • accepts migrants may wish to retain a separare cultural identity

  Erikson distinguished -

  Shallow diversity

  • Chicken tika masala = national dish as acceprable

  deep diversity

  • arranged marriage, hijabs

  Team Assimilarion

  • first state policies encouraged immigrants to adopt the values, language, and customs of the host culture to make them more like us
  • People may not wish to abandon their culure or seeing themselves as belonging to one nation
• Assimilation - the process where individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

  + improved communication

  + economic opportunities

  -- loss of cultural identity

  -- psychological stress
• hybrid identity - the result of fusing 2 or more identities

  transnational identity - the process of maintaining socio-cultural connections across geographical borders