Conscience

• Who developed Natural law as a form of religious ethics?

  Aquinas
• What does Natural law theory propose about moral law?

  It is designed into human nature by God
• How do we fulfill our purpose according to Aquinas' Natural law?

  By conforming our actions to God's law
• What is the synderesis rule?

  The good is what all things seek
• What are the primary precepts according to Aquinas?

  Worship God, live orderly, reproduce, educate, protect life
• How does conscientia relate to primary precepts?

  It applies primary precepts to specific situations
• What is an example of applying primary precepts to euthanasia?

  Euthanasia goes against preserving human life
• What does Aquinas claim about conscience?

  It involves understanding natural moral law
• What are the classic features of conscience according to Aquinas?

  Witness, bind & incite, accuse & torment
• How does conscience cause feelings of guilt?

  By judging our actions as wrong
• Why is human reason considered fallible by Aquinas?

  We can make mistakes in applying rules
• What can lead to mistakes in conscientia?

  Original sin, unvirtuous habits, corrupt culture
• What are apparent goods?

  Actions that seem good but are not
• Why must we follow our conscience according to Aquinas?

  Every judgment of conscience is obligatory
• What is invincible ignorance?

  Not knowing due to circumstances beyond control
• How does vincible ignorance differ from invincible ignorance?

  It involves negligence or lack of knowledge
• What does Aquinas argue about human nature's orientation?

  It contains an orientation towards the good
• What is descriptive moral relativism?

  Different cultures have varying moral beliefs
• What argument does Fletcher make against Aquinas' theory?

  It suggests no innate ability to discover natural law
• What does Freud argue about moral views?

  They are conditioned by society
• What similarities exist between different cultures' moralities?

  Core similarities like not killing without reason
• What is Aquinas' stance on natural theology?

  Human reason can support faith in God
• Who criticized Aquinas' natural law theory?

  Karl Barth
• What does Barth argue about human reason and God?

  It cannot reach God without revelation
• How does Tillich defend Aquinas' view on natural law?

  He argues against denying natural moral law
• What does Tillich say about the conscience's awareness?

  It judges the gap between actual and essential being
• What does Aquinas suggest about reason and natural law?

  Reason can understand the natural law created by God.
• How does Tillich defend Aquinas against Barth's view?

  He argues reason can discover natural law.
• What does Tillich say about self-deception and natural moral law?

  Denial of natural moral law is self-deception.
• What does Tillich imply about the conscience and the gap between our current and potential selves?

  A conscience aware of the gap indicates fallen state.
• What does a weak or misled conscience still indicate according to Tillich?

  It indicates a direction towards righteousness.
• How does Tillich view humanity's belief in knowing God's morality?

  It reflects arrogance similar to Adam and Eve.
• What does Freud believe about the origin of conscience?

  Conscience results from psychological forces.
• What are the three parts of Freud's mind theory?

  Id, Ego, and Super Ego.
• What role does the Super Ego play in Freud's theory?

  It stores values from authority figures.
• How does Freud view the relationship between the Id and the Super Ego?

  The Super Ego represses desires from the Id.
• What does Freud suggest about the ethical implications of conscience?

  Conscience reflects societal values, not God's voice.
• How does Freud relate morality to societal conditioning?

  Morality may be merely societal conditioning.
• What does Freud's theory of psychosexual development involve?

  Stages of socialization and self-control development.
• What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?

  • Oral stage: Birth to 1.5 years
  • Anal stage: 1.5 to 3 years
  • Phallic stage: 3 to 6 years
  • Latency stage: 6 to puberty
  • Mature genital stage: Puberty to death