CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (BLOOD)

• What type of tissue is blood classified as?

  Connective tissue
• What is the total blood volume for an average adult female?

  4 to 5 liters
• What is the total blood volume for an average adult male?

  5 to 6 liters
• What percentage of total body weight does blood constitute?

  8%
• How does blood help maintain homeostasis?

  • Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste
  • Transport of processed and regulatory molecules
  • Regulation of pH and osmosis
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Protection against foreign substances
  • Clot formation
• What is plasma?

  The liquid part of the blood
• What is the composition of plasma?

  91% water and 9% other substances
• What percentage of plasma's volume is made up of proteins?

  About 7%
• What is a colloid?

  A liquid with suspended substances
• What are the three groups of plasma proteins based on size and charge?

  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
• What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin constitute?

  85%
• What role does albumin play in the blood?

  Regulates water movement between tissues
• What is osmotic pressure?

  The tendency for water to move across barriers
• What do globulins do?

  Transport substances and protect microorganisms
• What percentage of plasma proteins does fibrinogen constitute?

  4%
• What is the function of fibrinogen?

  Responsible for blood clot formation
• What is plasma?

  Liquid remaining when clotting is prevented
• What happens to non-fasting serum color?

  It is cloudy due to lipids
• What is serum?

  Liquid remaining after blood has clotted
• What is hematopoiesis?

  The process of blood cell production
• Where does hematopoiesis occur in embryos and fetuses?

  Yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen
• Where is hematopoiesis primarily confined after birth?

  Red bone marrow
• What replaces red marrow in other body locations in adults?

  Yellow marrow
• What are erythrocytes?

  Red blood cells
• What are leukocytes?

  White blood cells
• What are thrombocytes?

  Platelets
• What is the longest process of maturation of blood?

  Myeloid Lineage in the marrow environment
• What is erythropoiesis?

  The maturation of red blood cells
• Where does erythropoiesis start?

  In the bone marrow
• What is a proerythroblast?

  A precursor to erythrocytes
• What characterizes a proerythroblast?

  Deep blue cytoplasm
• What happens during the general erythroblast stage?

  Hemoglobin synthesis starts
• How are old or damaged RBCs removed from circulation?

  By macrophages in the spleen and liver
• What is the lifespan of a mature erythrocyte?

  120 days
• How many times more numerous are RBCs than WBCs?

  700 times
• How many times more numerous are RBCs than platelets?

  17 times
• What is the average RBC count for males?

  1. 4 million/μL
• What is the average RBC count for females?

  1. 8 million/μL
• How do red blood cells move in the blood?

  They are passively moved by blood circulation
• What is the main component of RBCs?

  Hemoglobin