Monoclonal antibodies

• • mouse injected with chosen antigen
  • Mouse produces lymphocytes, that produce antibodies specific to antigen
  • lymphocytes taken from mouse fused with tumour cell to make hybridoma
  • Hybridoma divides to produce monoclonal antibodies specific to original antigen
• • hormone HCG found in urine of pregnant women
  • where urine is applied contains monoclonal antibodies attached to blue beads
  • Urine moves up stick into reaction zone
  • HCG hormone binds to HCG antibody in reaction zone
  • Urine carries bonded hormone and bead to results zone
  • HCG hormone binds to HCG antibody in results zone
  • Other antibodies that do not bind to HCG bind to antibodies in control zone
  • Blue dye appears in both results and control zone to show positive results
• • Hormone binds to antibody on blue beads
  • Urine moves up stick with blue beads and hormone
  • Beads and hormone bind to antibody in results zone
  • Blue beads stick to strip , turn strip blue
• • Cancerous cells have antigens on cell membrane - tumour markers
  • Monoclonal antibodies produced that are specific to tumour marker
  • Anti-cancer drug attached to monoclonal antibodies
  • Antibodies given to patient through drip
  • Antibodies target cancerous cells because they only bind to tumour markers
  • Drug kills cancer cells but not normal body cells
• monoclonal antibodies bind to:

  • hormones / chemicals in blood to measure level
  • test blood samples in lab for pathogens
• • monoclonal antibodies can be used to kill cancer cells, target specific cells
  • other cancer treatments can affect normal cells but monoclonal antibodies target specific cells - so, side effects of antibody based drug are lower than other treatments
  • monoclonal antibodies can cause side effects so are nt widely used
• flourescent dye:

  • bind flourescent dye to monoclonal antibodies
  • put bound flourescent monoclonal antibodies on slide
  • monoclonal antibodies will bind to pathogen and show up under microscope