Viruses and STI

• What are the main components of a virus?

  A protein coat around a strand of genetic material
• Why do viruses need to infect living cells in order to reproduce?

  Viruses are not living and need the genetic material and enzymes of a host cell to reproduce
• What is the name of the pathway where a virus injects its genetic material into a host cell, uses the host's resources to produce new viruses, and then the host cell splits open to release the new viruses?

  The lytic pathway
• How does the lysogenic pathway differ from the lytic pathway in the virus life cycle?

  In the lysogenic pathway, the viral genetic material is incorporated into the host cell's genome and replicates with it, remaining dormant until a trigger causes it to enter the lytic pathway
• What is Chlamydia?

  A bacterium that can only reproduce inside host cells, similar to a virus
• How can the spread of Chlamydia be reduced?

  By wearing condoms during sex, screening individuals to treat infections, and avoiding sexual contact
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• How does HIV infection lead to AIDS?

  HIV kills white blood cells, which are important for the immune system, causing the immune system to deteriorate and fail, leading to AIDS
• How can the spread of HIV be prevented?

  By using condoms during sex, avoiding sharing needles, and ensuring proper screening and treatment
• What are the main causes of plant diseases?

  • Pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses
  • Different plants are susceptible to different diseases
  • Early detection of plant diseases is important
• What are the main ways that plants defend themselves against attack?

  • Physical defenses (e.g. thorns, tough cell walls)
  • Chemical defenses (e.g. toxins, repellents)
  • Plants do not have an immune system like animals
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?

  $A =$$\pi r^2$
• What is the life cycle of a virus?

  1. Virus infects a host cell
  2. Virus uses host cell's resources to reproduce
  3. New viruses are assembled
  4. Host cell splits open, releasing new viruses
• What are the two main types of virus life cycles?

  The lytic pathway and the lysogenic pathway
• What are the main ways that HIV can be transmitted?

  Through infected bodily fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal fluids
• What is the main way that Chlamydia is spread?

  Through sexual contact
• Why is early detection of plant diseases important?

  To allow for prompt treatment and prevention of the disease from spreading
• What are the main types of pathogens that can cause plant diseases?

  Fungi, bacteria, and viruses
• What is the main difference between the lytic and lysogenic pathways in the virus life cycle?

  In the lytic pathway, the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell and uses it to produce new viruses, while in the lysogenic pathway the viral genetic material is incorporated into the host cell's genome and remains dormant
• How do plants defend themselves against attack, since they don't have an immune system like animals?

  Through physical defenses like thorns and tough cell walls, and chemical defenses like toxins and repellents
• What is the main way that Chlamydia differs from other bacteria?

  Chlamydia can only reproduce inside host cells, similar to how a virus behaves
• How does HIV infection eventually lead to AIDS?

  HIV kills white blood cells, which are important for the immune system, causing the immune system to deteriorate and fail, leading to AIDS
• What are the main ways to prevent the spread of HIV?

  Using condoms during sex, avoiding sharing needles, and ensuring proper screening and treatment
• What is the main difference between the function of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

  TEMs produce 2D images, while SEMs produce 3D images
• What are the main components of the life cycle of a virus?

  1. Virus infects a host cell
  2. Virus uses host cell's resources to reproduce
  3. New viruses are assembled
  4. Host cell splits open, releasing new viruses
• What are the main ways that plants defend themselves against attack, since they don't have an immune system like animals?

  Through physical defenses like thorns and tough cell walls, and chemical defenses like toxins and repellents