What is Microscopy?

• What does microscopy refer to?

  The use of microscopes
• What will be covered in this video about microscopy?

  How light microscopes work and key terms
• What is the function of the base of a light microscope?

  It supports the entire microscope
• What are the main parts of a light microscope?

  • Base
  • Arm
  • Light source (lamp or mirror)
  • Stage
  • Objective lenses (3 types)
  • Eyepiece lens
  • Body tube
  • Coarse and fine focusing knobs
• What is the purpose of the light source in a microscope?

  To illuminate the object being viewed
• Where is the stage located on a light microscope?

  Just above the light source
• How many objective lenses are typically found in a light microscope?

  Three objective lenses
• What are the typical magnifications of objective lenses?

  10x, 20x, and 50x
• What is the role of the eyepiece lens in a microscope?

  To view the magnified image
• What are the coarse and fine focusing knobs used for?

  To adjust the focus of the image
• What does the term 'object' refer to in microscopy?

  The real sample being observed
• What does the term 'image' refer to in microscopy?

  The visual representation seen through the microscope
• How does light travel through a light microscope?

  It reflects off the mirror and passes through lenses
• What is magnification in microscopy?

  How many times larger the image is than the object
• What is the equation for calculating magnification?

  Magnification = image size / object size
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The shortest distance between distinguishable points
• What is microscopy?

  The use of microscopes
• What are the main parts of a light microscope?

  Base, arm, light source, stage, objective lenses, eyepiece lens, body tube, focusing knobs
• What is the difference between the "object" and "image" in microscopy?

  The object is the real sample being observed, while the image is what is seen through the microscope
• What is the formula for magnification in microscopy?

  Magnification = image size / object size
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The shortest distance between two points on an object that can still be distinguished as separate
• How does a light microscope work?

  Light from a source is reflected up through the sample, then through the objective and eyepiece lenses to magnify the image
• How do the images from two light microscopes with the same magnification differ?

  They have the same magnification but different resolutions, so one image will appear more blurry
• How do you calculate the area of a circle?

  Area of a circle = $\pi r^2$

  Where:

  • $r$ is the radius of the circle
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?

  Strengths of light microscopes:

  • Relatively simple and inexpensive
  • Can be used to observe living specimens

  
  

  Weaknesses of light microscopes:

  • Limited resolution (0.2 µm)
  • Cannot observe very small or detailed structures
• If you wanted to observe the surface of a cell in high detail, which type of microscope would you use?

  Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• How do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) differ in their function and capabilities?

  • SEMs produce 3D images of the surface of a sample
  • TEMs produce 2D images by transmitting electrons through a thin sample
  • SEMs have lower resolution than TEMs
  • SEMs are better for studying surface features, while TEMs are better for internal cellular structures
• What are the key steps of the scientific method?

  1. Ask a question
  2. Do background research
  3. Construct a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis by doing an experiment
  5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. Communicate the results
• What is the first derivative of $x^2$?


  $2x$
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What are the main components of the cell membrane?

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins (integral and peripheral)
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates (in glycoproteins and glycolipids)