Cellular Respiration

• The role of ATP in the transfer of energy and the phosphorylation of molecules by ATP.
• Pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A to be transferred to the citric acid cycle as acetyl coenzyme A.
• Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate followed by the enzyme mediated steps of the cycle.
• This cycle results in the generation of ATP, the release of carbon dioxide and the regeneration of oxaloacetate in the matrix of the mitochondria.
• Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons which are passed to the coenzymes NAD to form NADH. This occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
• The hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to the electron transport chain on the

  inner mitochondrial membrane.
• ATP synthesis —electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane and flow of these ions back through the membrane synthesises ATP using the membrane protein ATP synthase.
• The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to form water.
• During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
• Glycolysis produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH.
• Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen.
• The end product of glycolysis is two molecules of pyruvate.
• The end products of the citric acid cycle are ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.
• The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process, meaning it requires oxygen.
• The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
• Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is the first step of the citric acid cycle.
• The electron transport chain consists of a series of protein complexes and electron carriers that pass electrons along, creating a proton gradient across the membrane.
• The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• The electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen, generating a large amount of ATP.
• Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.
• The citric acid cycle results in the generation of ATP, the release of carbon dioxide, and the regeneration of oxaloacetate.
• The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzyme-mediated steps that occur in the matrix of the mitochondria, where acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
• Glycolysis is the initial step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
• The breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
• Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons which are passed to the coenzymes NAD to form NADH. This occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.