evolution

• Some desert animals have adaptations such as thick fur or feathers to reduce water loss through evaporation
• waterlogged habitats develop in the tropics and subtropics and create very sheltered conditions with very high salt concentrations due to the evaporation of water. They are also anaerobic because of their waterlogged nature
• Tropical habitats have high precipitation, minimal seasonal variation, high temperatures, and many plant varieties
• Temperate climates have higher medium precipitation, even seasons, medium temperatures, and broad-leafed trees that lose leaves in colder seasons
• Taiga or Boreal habitats have higher medium precipitation, short summers and long winters, low temperatures, and green forests full of especially conifer trees
• Desert habitats have very low precipitation, minimal plant diversity, high temperatures, and little to no vegetation with plants having spines for leaves to optimize water conservation
• Grassland habitats have higher medium precipitation, with dry and cold seasons, higher medium temperatures that are home to grassy species but not many trees due to limited water
• Tundra habitats have medium low precipitation with short summers and very cold winters, very low temperatures house only plants that are close to the ground, small in heigh, slow growing with hair to trap heat, waxy leaves for water conservation, shallow roots to avoid permafrost and able to germinate within its short growing seasons
• Edelweiss (leontopodium nivale) is limited by light intensity or salinity or temperature
• Willow (salix alba) is limited by light intensity, water availability, and temperature
• Globeflower (trollius europeus) is limited by salinity or light intensity or temperature
• Pasqueflower (pulsatilla vulgaris) is limited by temperature and mineral availability
• Swiss stone pine (pinus cembra) is limited by salinity or light intensity or temperature
• Euglenoids are protists that use both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
• Saprotrophic organisms obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic matter
• Chemotrophic has the most diverse nutritional strategy in archaea
• The relationship between dentition and diet in Hominidae shows that omnivores typically have flattened molars for grinding plant material
• Herbivores feed efficiently on plants thanks to their long digestive tracts
• Thorns and spines are used to resist herbivory
• Plants have various adaptations for harvesting light, such as bigger leaves, which increases the surface area for light absorption.
• An example of a saprotrophic organism is a fungus, which decomposes organic material to obtain nutrients.
• In herbivorous mammals, adaptations such as jaw-like dentition are key to processing fibrous plant material.
• Plants often develop chemical defenses to reduce the impact of herbivory by making their tissues less palatable or digestible.
• The chemoautotrophic strategy in archaea includes using chemical reactions to obtain energy from inorganic substances, which is different from other domains of life
• Corals are ecosystems in a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellze algaes
• Fat stems to store water (Cacti)
• Leaves modified to form spikes to reduce surface area (Cacti)
• Waxy cuticles to reduce transpiration (Cacti)
• Wide root system for water absorption (Cacti)
• CAM metabolism to do photosynthesis at night so they can open stomata and release gas but still prevent too much transpiration (Cacti)
• Nocturnal animals to be most awake when it is most cool (Fennec fox)
• Grow tall to outcompete other trees for light (Meranti tree)
• Dense truck to provide support for tall growth (Meranti tree)
• Enzymes used for its photosynthesis has high temperature tolerance to endure sun so close (Meranti tree)
• Broad leaves are present to disperse excess water from rainfall (Meranti tree)
• Evergreen leaves (stay on all year) to allow for consistent photosynthesis (Meranti tree)
• Long limbs are given to animal to allow for swinging and climbing (Spider Monkey)
• It is active during the day when sight is best to find food (Spider Monkey)
• Strong tail acting as a fifth limb for additional support (Spider Monkey)
• Archaea most diverse consumer. Can be heterotrophic (from other organisms), phototrophic (from light energy) or chemotrophic (from oxidizing inorganic materials)