aids to interpretation

• What are the aids to interpretation for judges?

  Internal and external aids
• What do intrinsic aids refer to?

  Elements found within the act itself
• Name one type of intrinsic aid.

  Preamble
• What is an example of an extrinsic aid?

  Previous acts on the same point
• How do extrinsic aids assist judges?

  They help with the mischief and purposive approach
• What does the term 'Ejusdem Generis' mean?

  Of the same kind
• How was the rule of 'Ejusdem Generis' applied in Powell v Kempton 1899?

  Betting in a 'ring' was guilty
• What does 'Expressio Unius est exclusion alterius' imply?

  Express mention excludes all others
• How did R v Inhabitants of Sedgley 1831 illustrate 'Expressio Unius est exclusion alterius'?

  It excluded other types of mines
• What does 'Noscitur a sociis' mean?

  A word is known by the company it keeps
• How was 'Noscitur a sociis' applied in Muir v Keay?

  Licensing required for public refreshment venues
• What do extrinsic aids support in terms of interpretation rules?

  The mischief and purposive rules
• What is one example of an extrinsic aid?

  Hansard
• What does the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporate?

  European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
• What does Section 2 of the Human Rights Act 1998 require judges to do?

  Consider previous ECHR decisions
• What does Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 require courts to do?

  Interpret acts in line with human rights
• What happens if a court cannot interpret an act in line with human rights?

  Judges can issue a declaration of incompatibility
• What is the purpose of the fast-track procedure in the Human Rights Act 1998?

  To expedite cases with compelling reasons