Crude oil

• What are some fuels derived from crude oil?

  Petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, LPG
• Why is crude oil important for modern transport?

  It provides fuel for cars, trains, and planes
• What types of products are made from crude oil in industry?

  Solvents, lubricants, and detergents
• What are organic compounds?

  Compounds containing carbon atoms
• What are homologous series?

  Groups of compounds with similar properties
• Name two examples of homologous series.

  Alkanes and alkenes
• Why are short-chain hydrocarbons in high demand?

  They are flammable and make good fuels
• What happens to long-chain hydrocarbons during cracking?

  They are split into smaller, useful hydrocarbons
• What are two products of cracking?

  Petrol and paraffin
• How do alkenes differ from alkanes?

  Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
• What is the test for alkenes using bromine water?

  Decolourisation of orange bromine water
• What happens when bromine water is added to an alkane?

  No reaction occurs; it stays bright orange
• What are the steps involved in the cracking process?

  1. Heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  2. Pass vapour over a hot powdered catalyst
  3. Long-chain molecules split on catalyst surface
  4. Alternatively, mix vapour with steam and heat
• What is catalytic cracking?

  Cracking using a hot powdered catalyst
• What is steam cracking?

  Cracking by mixing vapour with steam
• How would you represent the cracking of decane to octane in a chemical equation?

  Decane → Octane + Shorter alkane
• What is the significance of balancing chemical equations in cracking?

  • Ensures conservation of mass
  • Reflects accurate reactants and products
  • Important for chemical accuracy