FINALS

• types of validity

  • face validity
  • content validity (research problem)
  • criteria validity
• reliablity

  • yield the same results
  • consistent
• types of research instruments

  1. survey
  2. observation
  3. experiment
• survey

  • contains prepared questions which are used to measure attitudes, perceptions, and opinions
• 3 types of questions to use when conducting a survey

  1. recall
  2. recognition
  3. open-ended
• recall

  • it asks for specific information such as years of service, age, and address
• recognition

  • asks for a specific resnponse to a specific question such as multiple choice

  dichotomous (yes/no)

  rating scale
• open-ended

  • elicits brief explanations or impressions from respondent
• interview

  • an instrument that allows the researcher to qualitatively gather data
• stages of interview

  1. pre-interview
  2. warm-up
  3. main interview
  4. closing
• pre-interview

  • arranges questions logically and prepares a guide to smoothen the interview
• warm-up

  • introductions, purpose of the interview, and the confidentiality is presented and informed to the interviewees
• main interview

  • asks the main questions directly
• closing

  • asks questions meant to wind down the interview
• survey - questionnaire

  • contains written questions that ask for specific information
  • respondents are usually dichotomous and use an identification type of text
• personal information section

  • includes the name (optional), age, date of birth, address, and other personal information of the respondent
• basic questions section

  • serves two purposes:

  1. establish that the person is the right person for the study
  2. establish rapport with the interviewees
• main questions section

  • contains questions that are directly related to the research
• open-ended questions section

  • requires brief explanation or response
• observation

  • allows the description of behavior in a naturalistic or laboratory setting
  • useful when questions require description of behavior and setting when respondents cannot literally answer questions for valid reasons
• 3 types of observation

  1. participant and non-participant
  2. structured and unstructured
  3. covert and overt observation
• non-participant

  • allows the researcher to observe the subjects without interacting with them
• participant

  • allows the researcher to interact with the subjects
• structured

  • occurs when the researcher has a list of behaviors that he/she wants to observe
• unstructured

  • occurs when the researcher allows behavior to emerge naturally
• covert

  • occurs when the subjects are not aware that they are being observed
• overt

  • occurs when the subjects are aware that they are being observed
• experiment

  • a procedure undertaken scientifically and systematically to make a discovery and to test hypothesis
• experiment

  1. make observations
  2. develop the experiment
  3. design the experiment
  4. conduct the experiment
  5. replicate the experiment to ensure the reliability
  6. analyze the results
  7. decide on whether to accept or reject the hypothesis
• use survey when you need opinions or self-reported data
• use observation when you need to study behavior
• use experiment when you want to test cause-and-effect
• research visual

  • refer to the use of various visual forms to illustrate and interpret the research findings
• General guidelines in adding research visuals

  1. determine the purpose of the visual
  2. evaluate the accuracy and validity of the data
  3. visuals should be accompanied by clear references
  4. visuals should be placed on the same page as the text reference
  5. position the visual vertically
  6. make the visual simple and self-explanatory
  7. use basic contrasting colors for visuals(not too colorful)
• types of research visuals

  1. charts
  2. tables
  3. graph
• charts

  • a graphical representation of data using symbols that are usually boxes, lines, and arrows. Its general purpose is to show ranks, levels, procedures, and classifications.
• Organizational Chart

  • it presents rankings, classification, and levels of ideas
  • Strategies in preparing an organization chart

  1. Use varied shapes carefully.
  2. Connect the boxes with solid (direct) or dotted lines(indirect) to show relationship.
  3. Avoid distracting and complicated designs.
• Flow chart

  • it illustrates a process
  • Present only the capture vers process.
  • Limit the number of shapes to avoid confusion.
  • Provide a legend when necessary sequence the data from left to right or top to bottom.
  • Be creative in designing but not too complicated.
• Some of the most basic shapes in a flow chart include:

  1. Rectangle(steps)
  2. Diamond(question)
  3. Round Box(indicate the beginning and end)
• tables

  • condenses and classifies information to make comparisons between and among data. It contains at least two columns with headings on the sides (stub) and at the top of the line (boxhead) to indicate what the table represents.