Screening

• What is the primary purpose of screening?

  To identify health problems in populations
• How does screening differ from early diagnosis?

  Screening tests large populations, early diagnosis targets individuals
• When did the era of modern screening begin?

  1968
• What are the 10 principles of screening based on?

  Wilson & Jungner for WHO
• What are the principles of screening?

  • Important health problem
  • Accepted treatment available
  • Facilities for diagnosis and treatment
  • Recognizable latent or early phase
  • Suitable test or examination
  • Acceptable to the population
  • Understood natural history of condition
  • Agreed policy on treatment
  • Economically balanced case-finding
  • Continuous process, not one-time
• What is one advantage of screening?

  Early diagnosis leads to improved prognosis
• What is a disadvantage of screening?

  False positives and false negatives can occur
• What does sensitivity measure in a screening test?

  True positive identification rate
• What does specificity measure in a screening test?

  True negative identification rate
• What happens when the sensitivity threshold is shifted left?

  False positives increase, specificity decreases
• What is positive predictive value?

  Likelihood that a positive test indicates the condition
• How does prevalence affect predictive values?

  Higher prevalence increases positive predictive value
• What are the test result categories in screening?

  • True positive: Has condition
  • False positive: No condition
  • False negative: Missed condition
  • True negative: No condition
• What is the role of the UK National Screening Committee?

  Advises on screening aspects and implementation
• When was the UK National Screening Committee established?

  1996
• What does the Child Health Programme include?

  • Formal screening for medical problems
  • Routine childhood immunisations
  • Structured needs assessment
  • Health promotion and parenting support
• What is the first screening conducted for neonates?

  Full clinical examination within 24 hours
• What is the purpose of the Guthrie test?

  To screen for phenylketonuria and other conditions
• What is included in the health promotion discussion for neonates?

  Reducing SIDS risks and feeding advice
• What immunisations are given at 6-8 weeks?

  DTaP, IPV, Hib, MenC
• What is assessed during the 3-5 years health check?

  Routine immunisations and general development
• What is the purpose of the Child Health Surveillance?

  Routine health checks and monitoring
• What is the aim of health promotion in child health?

  To improve health and prevent disease
• How does the UK National Screening Committee ensure screening benefits outweigh harms?

  By assessing new screening proposals and evidence
• What is the significance of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in screening?

  It emphasizes children's right to health services
• What is the age range for routine health checks in the Child Health Programme?

  From pregnancy to 5 years
• What is the role of health promotion in the Child Health Programme?

  To facilitate attainment of health goals
• How does the Child Health Programme address varying family needs?

  By determining contacts based on circumstances
• What is the distinction between screening and early diagnosis?

  Screening tests populations, early diagnosis targets individuals
• Why is understanding the natural history of conditions important in screening?

  It helps in recognizing disease progression
• What is the role of the UK National Screening Committee in modifying programmes?

  To ensure benefits outweigh harms and costs
• What immunisations are given at 3 months?

  6 in 1 vaccine
• Why is discussing parental health important during screenings?

  To identify potential issues affecting the child
• What is the significance of identifying parents with major problems during neonatal checks?

  To provide necessary support and resources
• What is the role of local support networks in child health screening?

  To provide additional advice and support
• Why is continuous case-finding necessary in screening programmes?

  To ensure ongoing identification of health issues
• What are the implications of false positives in screening outcomes?

  They can lead to unnecessary anxiety and procedures
• What is the necessity of a structured programme of needs assessment in child health?

  To tailor support based on individual family needs
• What are the gross motor skills observed at 6-8 weeks?

  Pull to sit, ventral suspension, handling
• What hearing and communication responses are noted at 6-8 weeks?

  Response to sudden sound, unseen mother's voice