Urine and diagnosis

• monoclonal antibodies= antibodies from a single clone of cells that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body.
• making monoclonal antibodies

  • mouse is injected antigen, so it makes the appropriate antibody.
  • the B-lymphocyte cells that make the antibody are removed and fused with tumor cells (which divide rapidly) to produce a hybridoma cell.
  • the hybridoma cells reproduce rapidly resulting in a clone of lots of cells.
  • the antibodies are then collected.
• stages of a pregnancy test

  • wick is soaked in urine, which will contain hormone hCG if pregnant.
  • hCG will bind to mobile monoclonal antibodies which contain a dye.
  • mobile antibodies with attached hCG move along the wick and bind to immobile monoclonal antibodies which are also complementary to hCG. This produces a line to show the women is pregnant.
  • the rest of the mobile antibodies move further up the wick and bind to more immobile antibodies which produce a line in the control window to show the test is valid.
• urine and anabolic steroid

  anabolic steroids= drugs that mimic the action of testosterone and they stimulate the growth of muscles.

  • test urine using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
  • urine sample is vaporised with a solvent and passed along a tube.
  • lining of the tube absorbs the gases and is analysed to give a chromatogram that can be read to show the presence of the drugs.