gender and culture

• alpha bias is when differences between 2 groups are exaggerated
• beta bias is when theories ignore / underestimate differences between groups
• culture bias is the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions, biasing your judgement
• gender bias refers to when differences between men and women are not adequately considered
• • Cultural bias- the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions, distorting or biasing your judgement. 
• • Etic-  examining behaviour from a perspective outside of a culture.  
  • Emic - examining behaviour from a perspective within a culture.
• alpha bias refers to when theories assume there are real and enduring differences between cultural groups and exaggerates them. 
• beta bias Refers to theories that ignore or minimise cultural differences- assuming universality and the idea that the same theories 
• • Ethnocentrism-  seeing things from the point of view of ourselves and our social group, evaluating other groups of people using the standards and customs of ones own culture.
• Cultural bias- the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions, distorting or biasing your judgement. 
• to reduce cultural bias we can:

  • Cross cultural experiments - rather than a sole culture
  • Representative samples - no WEIRD samples
  • Reflexive approach - researcher constantly reflects on own biases and their influence
  • Immersion- use researchers who are familiar with / immersed into the culture being investigated.
  • Standards- do not assume universal standards across cultures
  • Sensitive research- be sensitive to cultural norms when designing research and reporting findings
  • Emic approaches - studying a single culture to aim to understand it
• • Cultural relativism-  the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context in which it originates.