tests

• How can you test for carbonate ions?

  • Add a few drops of HCl to the sample in a test tube.
  • Connect this test tube to a test tube of limewater.
  • If carbonate ions are present, they will produce carbon dioxide, turning limewater cloudy.
• How can you test for sulfate ions?

  • Then add barium chloride solution.
  • A white precipitate of barium sulfate indicates the presence of sulfate ions.
  • before this , add hcl to remove any carbonate ions
• How can you test for carbonate ions?

  Add a few drops of HCl to the sample in a test tube.
• What happens when carbonate ions react with HCl?

  They produce carbon dioxide which turns limewater cloudy.
• How can you test for sulfate ions?


  Add HCl to remove any CO3$^{2-}$ ions.
• What is the result of adding barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions?

  A white precipitate of barium sulfate will form.
• How do you carry out a test for halide ions?

  Add a few drops of nitric acid and then silver nitrate.
• What do you observe when silver nitrate is added to a chloride solution?

  A white precipitate of silver chloride forms.
• What colour precipitate is formed when silver nitrate is added to a bromide solution?

  A cream precipitate of silver bromide forms.
• What colour precipitate is formed when silver nitrate is added to an iodide solution?

  A yellow precipitate of silver iodide forms.
• What are instrumental methods of analysis?

  Methods that use machinery such as mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.
• What are the benefits of using instrumental methods for analysis?

  They are accurate, sensitive, and quick to carry out.
• What is a flame photometer?

  A device used in inorganic analysis to identify or determine the concentration of metal ions.
• How can flame photometry be used to identify metal ions?

  By comparing the emission spectrum produced to reference spectra.
• What is the major advantage of flame photometry compared to simple flame testing?

  Flame photometry can analyze a mixture of ions.