Approaches

• Who suggested the concept of dualism in the 17th century?

  Descartes
• What does dualism suggest about the mind and body?

  They interact to produce different behaviors
• What is the IB definition of psychology?

  Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
• What is the definition of science according to the study material?

  Pursuit of knowledge using systematic methodology
• What are the features of science?

  • Universal paradigm
  • Theory construction
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Deduction
  • Falsification
  • Replicability
  • Objectivity
  • Empirical method
• When did Wundt set up his first laboratory?

  In 1879
• What is introspection?

  Learning about one's own mental states
• What are the three conditions of introspection?

  Mentality, first-person, temporal proximity
• What does structuralism involve?

  Isolating conscious thoughts into basic structures
• How did Wundt ensure reliable data in his experiments?

  Using the same stimulus each time
• Who disagreed with the subjective nature of introspection?

  Skinner
• What is radical behaviorism?

  Measuring private events like observable behavior
• What method did Skinner use for his research?

  Laboratory experiment method
• What does operant conditioning involve?

  Learning based on consequences of behavior
• What is the main focus of the cognitive approach?

  Functions and workings of the mind
• What sparked the growth of cognitive psychology in the 1960s?

  The invention of the computer
• What does social learning theory emphasize?

  Learning through vicarious reinforcement
• What is a role model in social learning theory?

  A person the observer identifies with
• What is identification in social learning theory?

  Relating to a role model to emulate
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning by observing rewards given to others
• What are the four mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
• What did Bandura's Bobo Doll study demonstrate?

  Children imitate aggressive behavior
• What is a limitation of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  Ignores biological differences between genders
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?

  • Scientific rigor with reliable data
  • Real-life applications in therapy
• What are the weaknesses of the behaviorist approach?

  • Environmental determinism limits free will
  • Ethical concerns in animal research
• What is the significance of Skinner's Box?

  • Demonstrated operant conditioning principles
  • Showed effects of reinforcement on behavior

  
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

  • Includes vicarious reinforcement
  • Emphasizes cognitive processes in learning
• What are the implications of classical conditioning in therapy?

  • Used in exposure therapy for phobias
  • Helps in desensitization techniques
• What are the implications of operant conditioning in therapy?

  • Used in behavior modification programs
  • Effective in token economy systems
• What are the implications of social learning theory in media influence?

  • Highlights role of media in behavior modeling
  • Suggests media can reinforce negative behaviors
• What does SLT stand for in psychology?

  Social Learning Theory
• How does SLT explain the influence of media on behavior?

  It suggests behavior is learned through observation.
• Why might SLT be a better explanation for human behavior than animal behavior?

  It accounts for cognitive processes unique to humans.
• What biological differences did Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment overlook?

  Differences between boys and girls.
• How does testosterone relate to aggression in Bandura's findings?

  Boys showed more aggression due to higher testosterone.
• What is a limitation of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment regarding internal validity?

  It may not accurately measure aggression in real life.
• What is the 'Please-U effect' in Bandura's study?

  Participants acted aggressively to please the experimenter.
• How does SLT differ from behaviorism in terms of cognition?

  SLT recognizes the role of mediational processes.
• What does the cognitive approach assume about mental processes?

  They can be scientifically studied.
• How do cognitive psychologists study internal mental processes?

  By making inferences from observable behaviors.