social influence

• What is conformity defined as?

  Yielding to group pressures
• How is conformity described in terms of behavior or opinion change?

  Change due to real or imagined pressure
• What is the difference between real and imagined pressure in conformity?

  Real pressure has consequences; imagined does not
• Who proposed the three types of conformity?

  Kelman
• What are the three types of conformity proposed by Kelman?

  • Internalisation: Permanent change of beliefs
  • Identification: Temporary change in presence of a group
  • Compliance: Public agreement, private disagreement
• What is internalisation in conformity?

  Making group beliefs your own permanently
• What is identification in conformity?

  Temporary change in behavior in a group
• What does compliance mean in the context of conformity?

  Following group ideas for approval or to avoid disapproval
• What type of social influence leads to compliance?

  Normative social influence
• What is informational social influence?

  Conforming to be right by looking to others
• In what situation does informational social influence typically occur?

  When a person is uncertain or unsure
• What did Fein et al. demonstrate about informational social influence?

  Participants changed votes to be 'correct'
• What is normative social influence?

  Conforming to be liked and accepted by a group
• How does normative social influence relate to bullying?

  It can manipulate individuals to victimize others
• What did Garandeau and Cillissen find regarding bullying and conformity?

  A bully can manipulate peers to victimize others
• What did Lucas et al. find about conformity in difficult tasks?

  Conformity increased with task difficulty
• What does Deutsch and Gerrard's 'Two Process Model' suggest about NSI and ISI?

  They may be complementary rather than exclusive
• How many participants were in Asch's study?

  123 male American undergraduates
• What was the aim of Asch's study?

  To investigate conformity and majority influence
• What was the procedure of Asch's study?

  • Participants presented with 4 lines
  • Identify which line matched the standard line
  • Real participant answered last or second to last
  • Confederates gave incorrect answers in trials
• What percentage of participants conformed in Asch's study?

  36.8%
• What was the control trial result in Asch's study?

  Only 1% of responses were incorrect
• How does group size affect conformity?

  Conformity increases with larger group sizes
• What is the optimal group size for conformity according to Asch's findings?

  Four members
• How does unanimity affect conformity?

  Conformity increases when the group is unanimous
• What happens to conformity when a correct answer is given by a dissenter?

  Conformity drops significantly
• How does task difficulty influence conformity?

  Conformity increases with task difficulty
• What is a strength of Asch's study regarding internal validity?

  Strict control over extraneous variables
• Why is Asch's study considered a lab experiment?

  Extraneous variables were strictly controlled
• What ethical issue was present in Asch's study?

  Deception regarding the study's true aim
• What did participants report about their conformity in Asch's study?

  They conformed to fit in with the group
• What is a weakness of Asch's study regarding ecological validity?

  Findings cannot be generalized to real life
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding population validity?

  Participants were only American male undergraduates
• What ethical issues arose from Zimbardo's study?

  Deception and potential psychological harm
• What was the aim of Zimbardo's study?

  To investigate conformity to social roles
• What were the key procedures in Zimbardo's study?

  • Simulated prison environment created
  • Participants assigned roles of guard or prisoner
  • Guards given props to reinforce authority
  • Observed behavior of participants
• What was a significant finding regarding the guards in Zimbardo's study?

  Guards enjoyed their power and control
• How quickly did participants identify with their roles in Zimbardo's study?

  Identification occurred very fast
• What does the agentic state refer to?

  Believing someone else takes responsibility for actions
• What is the legitimacy of authority?

  Credibility of an authority figure