1.7 acid base reactions

• What symbol indicates a reversible reaction?

  ⇌
• What does equilibrium denote in a chemical reaction?

  The balance between forward and reverse reactions
• What is dynamic equilibrium?

  Constant motion with no observable change
• What happens to concentrations at equilibrium?

  They remain constant
• What is Le Chatelier's principle?

  System responds to reduce effect of change
• What type of system must equilibrium be in?

  A closed system
• What is the position of equilibrium?

  The proportion of products to reactants
• What factors can alter the position of equilibrium?

  • Concentration of reactants or products
  • Pressure in gas reactions
  • Temperature
• How does a catalyst affect equilibrium?

  It speeds up reaching equilibrium
• What happens when reactants are added to an equilibrium system?

  Equilibrium shifts to the right
• What is the effect of increasing pressure on gas reactions?

  Shifts to the side with fewer gas molecules
• What happens to equilibrium when temperature is raised in an exothermic reaction?

  Equilibrium shifts to the left
• What is the equilibrium constant (K)?

  Value expressing amounts of products and reactants
• What does Kp represent?

  Equilibrium constant for gaseous species
• What does the value of K depend on?

  Temperature, pressure, and concentration
• How do pure solids and liquids affect the equilibrium constant?

  They do not affect it
• How do you calculate Kc for the reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)?

  Kc = [SO3]^2 / ([SO2]^2[O2])
• What is the formula for a strong acid dissociation?

  HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• What is a base in terms of acid-base reactions?

  A substance that forms hydroxide ions
• What occurs during acid neutralization?

  Acid and base form salt and water
• What does pKa indicate?

  Measure of acidity in a solution
• What does pKb indicate?

  Measure of basicity in a solution
• What is the pH scale used for?

  To measure acidity or basicity of a solution
• What happens to hydrogen ions when an acid is added to water?

  Hydrogen ions are released
• What is the difference between concentrated and dilute acids?

  Concentrated has more acid than water
• What is the equilibrium expression for the reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)?

  K = [SO3]^2 / ([SO2]^2[O2])
• What is the dissociation of Ca(OH)2 in water?

  Ca(OH)2(s) → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
• What does a high pKa value indicate?

  Weak acid
• What does a low pKb value indicate?

  Strong base
• What is the relationship between pH and H+ concentration?

  Lower pH means higher H+ concentration
• What is the effect of adding a strong acid to water?

  Increases H+ concentration significantly
• What is the effect of adding a weak acid to water?

  Increases H+ concentration slightly
• What is the effect of adding a strong base to water?

  Increases OH- concentration significantly
• What is the effect of adding a weak base to water?

  Increases OH- concentration slightly
• What is the relationship between strong acids and their ionization?

  Strong acids fully ionize in solution
• What is the relationship between weak acids and their ionization?

  Weak acids partially ionize in solution
• What is the significance of the equilibrium constant K?

  Indicates extent of reaction completion
• What happens to the equilibrium position when the temperature decreases?

  Shifts to favor exothermic reactions
• What is the effect of increasing temperature on an endothermic reaction?

  Shifts to the right
• What is the effect of decreasing temperature on an exothermic reaction?

  Shifts to the right