topic

• What is the product formed when magnesium is burnt in air?

  Magnesium oxide
• What characterizes reversible reactions?

  Reactants convert to products and back
• What is the chemical equation for the Haber Process?

  N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
• What does it mean when a reaction is at equilibrium?

  Forward and reverse reactions are balanced
• What is dynamic equilibrium?

  Constant movement of reactants and products
• What happens to concentrations at equilibrium?

  They remain constant
• What factors can change the position of equilibrium?

  • Changing concentration of reactants/products
  • Changing temperature
  • Changing pressure in gas reactions
• What is Le Chatelier's principle?

  Equilibrium shifts to minimize change effects
• What happens when potassium chloride is added to an equilibrium mixture of chlorine gas in water?

  Equilibrium shifts to the left
• How does increasing the concentration of reactants affect equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to the right
• When does changing pressure affect equilibrium?

  When gases are reacting together
• In the Haber Process, what happens if pressure is increased?

  Equilibrium shifts to the right
• What happens if pressure is decreased in the Haber Process?

  Less ammonia is produced
• How does temperature affect equilibrium in exothermic reactions?

  Increased temperature reduces product yield
• What are ideal conditions for ammonia production?

  High pressure and low temperature
• What role does a catalyst play in a reaction at equilibrium?

  Speeds up reaching equilibrium
• What is the equilibrium constant denoted as?

  K
• What can change the value of the equilibrium constant K?

  Only a change in temperature
• How is the equilibrium constant K expressed for the reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD?

  K = $\frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}$
• What are the units of the equilibrium constant K?

  dm³ mol⁻¹
• How do you calculate K if given concentrations?

  Use the equilibrium expression
• What defines a strong acid?

  Fully dissociates in solution
• What defines a weak acid?

  Partially dissociates in solution
• What is a common characteristic of all acids?

  They release hydrogen ions in water
• What is a base defined as?

  A proton acceptor
• What is the dissociation equation for a strong acid?

  HA → H⁺ + A⁻
• How does the dissociation of a weak acid differ from a strong acid?

  Weak acids do not fully dissociate
• What are the definitions of acids and bases?

  • Acid: Proton donor
  • Base: Proton acceptor
• What is the difference between concentrated and dilute acids?

  • Concentrated: High acid, low water
  • Dilute: Low acid, high water
• What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

  • Strong acids: Fully dissociate in solution
  • Weak acids: Partially dissociate in solution
• What indicates a weak acid in terms of H⁺ ions?

  Very few H⁺ ions available
• How is the dissociation of acids represented?

  HA (aq) ⇌ H⁺ (aq) + A⁻ (aq)
• What characterizes strong acids in terms of dissociation?

  They are totally dissociated in solution
• How does a weak acid behave in terms of dissociation?

  It does not fully dissociate
• What is the dissociation equation for ethanoic acid?

  CH₃COOH ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺
• What is the hydrogen ion concentration in weak acids compared to the acid concentration?

  It is much less than the acid concentration
• What is the definition of an acid?

  A proton donor
• What is the definition of a base?

  A proton acceptor
• What characterizes a strong acid?

  It fully dissociates in solution
• What characterizes a weak acid?

  It only partially dissociates in solution