Med 1900-present

• Causes of disease 1900-present

  Lifestyle

  Diet

  Drinking alcohol

  STD

  DNA and genetics
• Causes of disease:lifestyle

  smoking

  diet

  drinking and drugs

  STDs
• smoking 


  Causes lung cancer

  high blood pressure, heart disease, gum disease, throat and mouth cancer

  passive smoking causes asthma
• Diet


  sugar and fat in processed foods causes type 2 diabetes

  too much fat- heart disease
• Alcohol and drugs

  binge drinking-liver disease, kidney problems, alcoholism

  drug addiction- poor mental health, disease sharing needles
• STDs 


  unprotected sex

  lead to HIV and aids
• DNA and genetics

  1900- realised some diseases hereditary

  1931- electron microscope, genes could be seen

  1953- Francis crick and James Watson discover DNA

  proved DNA was in every human cell- worked with rosalind franklin

  franklin-used X-rays to photograph DNA

  1986- Human genome project- identify purpose of every human gene

  2001- DNA map of body complete
• Result of mapping of human body

  Genetic disorders identified: Down’s syndrome, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and breast cancer.
• Why was the discovery of DNA significant 


  Gene therapy- sickle cell anemia

  Can now screen for genetic diseases-breast cancer
• Causes of illness: diagnosis and science technology

  Blood tests and biopsies

  Blood sugar monitoring

  Ct scans

  MRI scans

  ECGs

  Ultrasound

  X-rays

  Endoscopes
• blood tests and biopsies

  since 1930s blood tests have been used to diagnose cause of illness e.g ananemia

  Biopsies(samples of tissue)
• Blood sugar monitoring

  checks peoples blood with diabetes to establish the level of sugar in the blood
• CT scans

  advanced X-rays- used to diagnose tumours and cancer
• MRI scans

  use magnets ad radio wave to create an internal image of the body- used to diagnose soft tissue or ligament damage
• Echocardiograms- ECGs 


  use electric impulses to track heart activity. help diagnose a heart attack and irregular heart patterns
• Ultrasound

  use sound waves to build up an image of the inside of he body. help diagnose kidney and gall stones
• X-rays

  Since the 1890s used to diagnose broken bones
• Endoscopes

  Flexible camera sees inside the body and diagnoses digestive problems
• Magic bullets

  1: salvarsan 606

  2: prontosil

  3: sulphonmide

  4: penicillin
• First magic bullet:

  salvarsan 606

  Paul Erlich theorised chemicals will kill bacteria

  1919 discovered Salvarsan the 606th chemical compound killed the STD syphilis.

  however based on arsenic and also killed the patient.

  significant because it led to the discovery of other chemical compounds
• second magic bullet:

  Prontosil

  1932 gerhard domagk discovered prontosil

  his daughter had blood poisoning and prontosil made her recover
• third magic bullet

  Sulphonamide

  realised it killed bacteria and led to new drugs that cure; pneumonia and scarlet fever
• fourth magic bullet:

  1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin after leaving Petri dishes with bacteria on. the mould that grew killed bacteria

  he diluted the Mold, didn’t kill bacteria internally only outside the body.

  1938- Florey and chain created pure penicillin which could kill internal bacteria e.g septicaemia

  US gov mass produced for WW2
• Why was the development of penicillin significant:


  Deaths from disease decreased

  1943 streptomycin- cured tuberculosis

  Short term: miracle cure for diseases

  Long term: superbugs like MRSA have became resistant to antibiotics
• What was the life expectancy around 1900?

  About 50 years
• Why could most families not afford to see a doctor by 1900?

  Medical costs were too high for families
• What theory gained wider acceptance by 1900?

  Pasteur's germ theory
• What ideas about disease were no longer believed by 1900?

  Miasma and the Four Humours
• What was changing regarding public health attitudes by 1900?

  The laissez-faire attitude was dying out
• What did scientists realize about disease causes?

  Not all diseases are caused by microbes
• Who theorized that genes come in pairs?

  Mendel
• What was the limitation of microscopes by 1900 regarding genetics?

  They weren't powerful enough to identify gene pairs
• What substance was identified as responsible for hereditary characteristics in 1953?

  DNA
• What shape did Watson and Crick discover DNA to have?

  Double helix
• Who contributed x-ray images that helped discover DNA's structure?

  Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
• Why was knowing the structure of DNA important for medicine?

  It helped identify hereditary disease causes
• What was launched in 1990 to map human DNA?

  The Human Genome Project
• How many DNA pairs does the Human Genome Project identify?

  Over 3 billion pairs
• What can scientists do with the DNA blueprint from the Human Genome Project?

  Look for mistakes in hereditary diseases
• What preventative measure can people take if they test positive for a breast cancer gene?

  Choose to have a mastectomy