24 Figures

• Label RED: posterior nasal aperture

  
• Label ORANGE: esophagus

  
• Label YELLOW: clavicle

  
• Label GREEN: ribs

  
• Label TURQUOISE: right lung

  
• Label BLUE: left lung

  
• Label PINK: hyoid bone

  
• Label PURPLE: diaphragm

  
• Label RED: paranasal sinuses

  
• Label ORANGE: nasal conchae

  
• Label YELLOW: nose

  
• Label GREE: nasal cavity

  
• Label TURQUOISE: nasopharynx

  
• Label BLUE: larynx

  
• Label PURPLE: trachea

  
• Label PINK: bronchi

  
• Label WHITE: lungs

  
• Label BLACK: bronchioles

  
• Upper Respiratory System

  • paranasal sinuses
  • nasal conchae
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • nasopharynx
• Lower Respiratory System

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • bronchioles
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step One. Tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx.
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step One. Tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx.
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step Two. Laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus.
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step Two. Laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus.
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step Three. Bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position.
• The Swallowing Process

  • Step Three. Bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position.
• SPOTLIGHT

  • I. The Respiratory Muscles. Most important skeletal muscles involved in respiration are diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. These muscles are primary respiratory muscles and active during normal breathing at rest. Accessory respiratory muscles become active when the depth and rate of breathing must be increased markedly, such as during exercise.
• SPOTLIGHT

  • II. Mechanics of Breathing. Air movement through respiratory system occurs by changing volume of lungs, called pulmonary ventilation. Changes of volume in lungs take place through contraction of skeletal muscles. As ribs are elevated or diaphragm contracts and flattens, volume of thoracic cavity increases and air moves into lungs. Outward movement of ribs as elevated resembles outward swing of a raised bucket handle.
• SPOTLIGHT

  • III. Respiratory Movements. Respiratory muscles may be used in various combinations, depending on volume of air that must be moved in or out of lungs. In eupnea, inhalation involves muscular contractions, but exhalation is passive process that relies on elastic recoil of ribs, muscles, and lungs. Hyperpnea requires assistance of accessory respiratory muscles for achieving inhalation and exhalation.