HIV

• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• When was AIDS first identified in the USA?

  1981
• What is the primary population affected by AIDS in its early history?

  MSM (men who have sex with men)
• What are common clinical features of AIDS?

  PCP and Kaposi’s sarcoma
• What is the selective depletion caused by HIV?

  CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes
• Who identified AIDS in 1982?

  CDC
• What year was the HIV virus isolated?

  1983
• What was the original name of HIV?

  HTLV-III
• What family does HIV belong to?

  Retroviridae
• Where is HIV-2 predominantly found?

  West Africa
• How many people are estimated to be infected with HIV-2?

  ~1-2 million
• What is the estimated number of people diagnosed with HIV in Scotland as of December 2022?

  6,600 people
• What are the clinical stages of HIV infection based on CD4 cell counts?

  • Stage 1: CD4 > 500 cells/mL
  • Stage 2: CD4 350-499 cells/mL
  • Stage 3: CD4 200-349 cells/mL
  • Stage 4 (AIDS): CD4 < 200 cells/mL
• What is a common symptom of clinical stage 3 HIV infection?

  Weight loss (>10%)
• What is a symptom of clinical stage 4 HIV infection?

  CD4 < 200 cells/mL
• What is HIV wasting syndrome?

  Weight loss >10%
• What are some clinical features of advanced HIV infection?

  • Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
  • Recurrent respiratory tract infections
  • Chronic diarrhea >1 month
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia
  • Herpes zoster
  • Kaposi sarcoma
• What are NRTIs?

  Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• What does ART stand for?

  Antiretroviral therapy
• What is the recommended composition of combined antiretroviral therapy?

  2 NRTIs and 1 other class
• What are some examples of ART drugs?

  • Emtricitabine
  • Tenofovir
  • Atazanavir
  • Dolutegravir
  • Lopinavir
• What is the purpose of PrEP?

  Prevent HIV transmission before exposure
• What is PEPSE?

  Post exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure
• What is the recommended regimen for PrEP?

  Tenofovir + emtricitabine
• What is the time frame for administering PEPSE?

  Within 24 to 72 hours
• What are the laboratory diagnosis methods for HIV?

  • Dried Blood Spot
  • Plasma/serum testing
  • HIV viral load monitoring
  • HIV resistance testing
• What does HIV resistance testing assess?

  Resistance of HIV to antiretroviral drugs
• What is the significance of HIV avidity testing?

  Distinguishes early from late infection
• What groups does HIV-1 consist of?

  Groups M, N, O, P
• What is the most prevalent HIV virus globally?

  HIV-1 group M
• What are the key components of HIV prevention strategies?

  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
  • Antiviral therapy
  • Safe blood products
  • Condom use
  • Harm-reduction for drug users
• What is required for confirmation testing of HIV?

  To rule out false positives
• Why is it important to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2?

  Different treatment and epidemiology
• What is the role of HIV viral load testing?

  Monitor treatment effectiveness
• What does the term "serological markers" refer to in HIV diagnosis?

  Antibodies produced in response to HIV
• What is the significance of monitoring HIV-1 RNA in newborns?

  Determines prophylaxis for newborns
• What is the purpose of the avidity test in HIV diagnosis?

  To assess the strength of antibody binding
• What is the importance of monitoring pregnant women with HIV?

  Determines mode of delivery and prophylaxis
• What is the role of boosting agents in ART drugs?

  Reduce degradation by the liver
• What is the significance of the PROUD study in relation to PrEP?

  Showed PrEP reduced HIV risk by 86%