WK9 L1 Readings

• Who are the authors of the research report on language comprehenders?

  Rolf A. Zwaan, Robert A. Stanfield, Richard H. Yaxley
• What was the main prediction examined in the study?

  People activate perceptual symbols during comprehension
• How did the shape of the object change in the study?

  It changed based on its location described
• What was the method used to test the subjects' responses?

  Subjects judged line drawings of objects
• What was the result when the object's shape matched the implied shape in the sentence?

  Responses were faster with a shape match
• What are the two example sentences given in the study?

  The ranger saw the eagle in the sky.???-not sure if thats correct

  the ranger saw the eagle on the ground
• How do perceptual symbols differ from amodal propositions?

  Perceptual symbols bear an analog relationship
• What did Barsalou argue about perceptual representations?

  They are the building blocks of cognition
• What was the orientation of the nail in the first example sentence?

  The nail's orientation was horizontal
• What was the purpose of the second experiment?

  To test the perceptual hypothesis with naming
• What was the design of the experiment regarding conditions and picture versions?

  2 (match vs. mismatch) x 2 (picture version)
• What was the significance of the mismatch effect on response latency?

  Responses were faster with a match than mismatch
• What are the key findings of the study regarding perceptual symbols in language comprehension?

  • Perceptual symbols are activated during comprehension
  • Faster responses occur when shapes match implied shapes
  • Mismatch effects observed in both recognition and naming tasks
• What was the procedure followed by subjects during the experiment?

  1. Read a sentence mentioning an object
  2. Press space bar to indicate understanding
  3. View a picture and decide if it was mentioned
• What were the results of the ANOVA conducted on response accuracy?

  • More accurate responses with a match
  • Significant mismatch effect on accuracy
  • Interaction effects analyzed but not significant
• What statistical analysis was conducted in the study?

  ANOVA
• What were the variables in the ANOVA analysis?

  Condition, picture version, and list
• What was the significant effect on response latency?

  Mismatch effect
• How did response latencies differ between match and mismatch conditions?

  Responses were faster in match condition
• Was the two-way interaction between condition and list significant?

  No, it was not significant
• What is the main focus of the study by Wang et al.?

  The role of sleep in lexical competition
• What is lexical competition in visual word recognition?

  Multiple word representations compete for activation
• What did the analyses of response accuracy reveal?

  Responses were more accurate in match condition
• How did the study test the effects of sleep on lexical competition?

  By comparing AM and PM learning groups
• What were the results regarding lexical competition effects in the PM group?

  They emerged after 12 hours of sleep
• What implications do the findings have for theories of orthographic learning?

  They suggest sleep aids memory consolidation
• What was the goal of Experiment 2?

  To examine effects without picture-sentence comparison
• What task was used to measure lexical competition effects?

  A semantic categorization task
• What was included in the neutral condition of Experiment 2?

  Sentences that did not imply shape
• What did the study by Bowers et al. (2005) demonstrate?

  Novel words compete with familiar words
• What was the purpose of including the neutral condition?

  To explore response facilitation or inhibition
• What is the significance of the findings from Dumay and Gaskell (2007)?

  They showed sleep promotes lexical competition
• What does the Complementary Learning Systems theory propose?

  New information transitions from hippocampus to neocortex
• What was the purpose of the sleep manipulation in the study?

  To assess its effect on lexical competition
• What was the design of Experiment 2?

  3 (condition) x 2 (picture version) x 3 (list)
• How were the novel words categorized in the study?

  As hermit words and non-hermit words
• What did the results of Experiment 2 show?

  Mismatch effect even without comparison
• What was the main hypothesis of the study?

  Sleep would enhance lexical competition effects
• What was the design of the experiment regarding sessions?

  Three sessions across two consecutive days
• What was the critical comparison in the study?

  Performance of PM group vs. AM group