HPV

• What year did Chandler note the appearance of warts after injury?

  1845
• What did Waelsch demonstrate in 1917 regarding warts?

  Induction of a lesion from a condyloma
• What significant association did zur Hausen demonstrate in 1983?

  Association between cervical cancer and HPVs
• What type of viruses are human papillomaviruses?

  Small non-enveloped dsDNA viruses
• How many different human papillomavirus (HPV) types exist?

  Over 200 different types
• What are the common manifestations of HPV infections?

  Usually include warts (condyloma)
• What is the primary risk associated with HPVs?

  Can lead to cancer, especially cervical cancer
• What is the challenge in diagnosing and managing HPV infections?

  Diagnosis and management can be challenging
• What type of cells can HPV infect?

  Only live in squamous epithelial cells
• What are the two major phylogenetic branches of HPV based on infection site?

  • Cutaneous: Keratinised squamous epithelium
  • Mucosal: Non-keratinised squamous epithelium
• What is the diameter of the HPV capsid?

  55 nm
• What is the genomic organization of papillomaviruses?

  Circular genome associated with cellular histones
• What are the two major proteins in the HPV capsid?

  L1 and L2
• What is the role of the E1 and E2 proteins in HPV?

  Regulate viral DNA transcription and replication
• What is the function of the E6 protein in HPV?

  Alters cell metabolism to favor viral replication
• What does the long control region (LCR) of HPV contain?

  Transcriptional and replication regulatory elements
• What are the phases of the papillomavirus lifecycle?

  1. Initial Infection
  2. Early Phase
  3. Genome Amplification
  4. Late Phase and Virus Assembly
• How does HPV enter the host during initial infection?

  Through micro-abrasion/trauma in the epithelia
• What is the role of E4 and E5 proteins during genome amplification?

  E4 reorganizes cytokeratin network; E5 modulates signaling
• What is the primary goal of treating genital warts?

  Removal of warts
• What is the estimated lifetime risk of genital warts in sexually active people?

  10%
• What factors are associated with an increased risk of genital warts?

  Younger age at sexual activity and more partners
• How can HPV be transmitted?

  From asymptomatic and sub-clinical patients
• What is the practical definition of latent infection?

  Detectable HPV DNA without identifiable lesion
• What are the common types of cutaneous infections caused by HPV?

  • Common Warts
  • Plantar Warts
  • Flat Warts
  • Filiform Warts
  • Pigmented Warts
  • Epidermoid Cysts
• What types of HPV are commonly associated with common warts?

  HPV 1, 2, 4, 27, and 57
• Where do plantar warts commonly occur?

  On the soles of the feet
• What is the most common type of HPV associated with flat warts?

  HPV 3 and 10
• What is the common site for filiform warts?

  Common on the face and neck
• What types of HPV are associated with pigmented warts?

  HPV 4, 6, and 65
• What is the primary treatment goal for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis?

  Surgery to reduce size of papillomas
• What are the common mucosal infections caused by HPV?

  • Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
  • Focal epithelial hyperplasia
  • Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
• What is the primary treatment for external genital warts?

  Removal of warts through various therapies
• What is the effect of current treatments on future transmission of HPV?

  Effect on future transmission is unclear
• What should patients with newly diagnosed genital warts be tested for?

  Other STDs like chlamydia and HIV
• What is the significance of the timeline of significant events related to HPV and warts?

  It highlights the historical understanding of HPV
• How does HPV contribute to oncogenesis?

  By altering cell metabolism and degrading tumor suppressors
• What are the specific types of HPV associated with common warts?

  HPV 1, 2, 4, 27, and 57
• How does the immune response affect HPV infections?

  It influences the outcome of the infection
• What demographic factors influence the prevalence of HPV infections?

  Age, sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation