Skeletal System

• What are the intended learning outcomes for the skeletal system study?

  List functions, classes, formation, repair, effects
• What does the skeletal system consist of?

  Bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
• What type of tissue is bone classified as?

  Supporting connective tissue
• What are the main components of bone matrix?

  Extracellular protein fibers and ground substance
• What percentage of bone mass is made up of osteocytes and other cells?

  2%
• What are the five functions of bones?

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell production
  • Movement
• How do bones provide support?

  Structural support for the whole body
• What is the protective function of bones?

  Surround soft tissues and organs
• Which bone protects the brain?

  Skull
• Which bones protect the spinal cord?

  Vertebrae
• What is stored in yellow bone marrow?

  Adipose tissue and lipids
• How is calcium stored in bones?

  As calcium salts and ions
• What role do hormones play in bone health?

  Control calcium deposition and removal
• What is haematopoiesis?

  Blood cell production in red bone marrow
• What type of blood cells are produced in bone marrow?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• How do bones facilitate movement?

  Provide surfaces for muscle attachment
• What are the two sections of the adult skeleton?

  • Axial skeleton: 80 bones (skull, vertebrae, ribs)
  • Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones (limbs)
• How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

  206 bones
• What are the two main types of bone tissue?

  • Compact bone: dense and smooth
  • Spongy bone: meshwork of uneven spaces
• What are the four groups of bones based on shape?

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

  
• What are flat bones characterized by?

  Thin, flat, curved structure
• What is the structure of long bones?

  Central shaft, periosteum, epiphyses

  
• What is the role of periosteum?

  Covers bones and aids in growth
• What does the endosteum cover?

  Covers spongy bone and inner surfaces
• What are osteoblasts?

  Immature bone cells that produce matrix
• What happens to osteoblasts when surrounded by calcified matrix?

  They differentiate into osteocytes
• What is the function of osteoclasts?

  Break down bone matrix and release minerals
• What are the types of fractures?

  • Closed/simple
  • Open/compound
  • Communicated
  • Impacted
  • Transverse
  • Oblique
  • Displaced
  • Non-displaced
  • Compression
  • Spiral
• What are the steps in the repair of a fracture?

  1. Formation of fracture hematoma
  2. Callus formation
  3. Spongy bone formation
  4. Compact bone formation

  
• What is the role of Vitamin D in bone health?

  Needed for calcium absorption
• What is the role of calcium in the body?

  Bone mineralization and muscle contraction
• What is hypocalcemia?

  Low levels of calcium
• What is hypercalcemia?

  High levels of calcium
• What nutrients are important for bone tissue health?

  • Vitamin D
  • Calcium
  • Vitamin K
  • Fluoride
  • Magnesium
  • Omega 3 Fatty acids
• What are the effects of exercise, nutrition, and hormones on bone tissue?

  • Exercise increases bone density
  • Nutrition provides essential minerals
  • Hormones regulate bone remodeling