Skeletal System

• The skeletal system consists of bones and connective tissues
• ligaments attach bone to bone
• ligaments strengthen and stabilize joints to prevent dislocations
• tendons attach muscle to bone
• tendons are parallel collagen fibers allowing more elasticity for motion
• There is hyaline/articular at the end of bones forming a smooth firm surface between articulating bones
• Fibro cartilage is tough acring as a shock absorber and lubricant
• synovial fluid is slippery fluid reducing friction between articulating bones and adds stability to joint
• joint capsule is 2 layered outer tough fibrous capsule layer surrounding the joint cavity providing strength between bones
• synovial membrane is the inner layer covering the internal surfaces which secretes synovial fluid lubricating the joint allowing greater RoM
• Menisci is a tough wedge of fibro cartilage improving stability between articulating bones
• joints are where 2 or more bones articulate
• one type of joint is fixed…

  which allow little to no movement, these joints are interlocked and held together by connective tissue
• one type of joint is cartilaginous

  where articulating bones are further apart separated by fibro cartilage acting as a shock absorber allowing a wide RoM
• one type of joint is synovial

  bone surfaces are covered with layer of hyaline/articular cartilage and enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule that contains synovial fluid
• pivot joint permits rotation of one bone around another for example

  Medial and lateral rotation of hip/shoulder
• hinge joint allows back and forth motion for example…

  the knee to allow flex ion and extension
• Saddle permits movement in most directions for example…

  Base of the thumb
• ball and socket allows the widest RoM for example

  shoulder/hip allows flexion and extension and abduction and adduction
• condyloid is like b&s but flatter forming a shallow joint with large rom but no rotation for example

  Wrist joint
• gliding allows the sliding motion of one bone over another for example

  between wrist bones
• Saggital plane is…

  Vertical plane dividing body into right and left
• saggital planes allow for what movement?

  front to back eg walking
• frontal plane is…

  plane passing from side to side dividing the body into front and back section
• frontal plane allows for movement…

  side to side eg raising arms
• transverse is…

  horizontal plane splitting body into upper and lower sections
• transverse plane movements are…

  twisting and rotating eg rotate head side to side