2.3 - Energy and ATP

• What 3 components is ATP made of ?

  Adenine, ribose, chain of 3 phosphate groups
• Full name of ATP ?


  Adenine triphosphate
• What term describes ATP ?


  A nucleotide derivative
• Why are the bonds between the 3 phosphates broken easily ?


  They’re unstable so have a low activation energy
• What’s released when ATP is hydrolysed ?


  Energy
• What 2 products form when ATP is hydrolysed ?


  ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate group
• What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP ?


  ATP hydrolase
• What kind of reaction is the conversion of ATP to ADP ?


  Reversible reaction
• How is ATP resynthesised ? 


  The condensation of ADP and a phosphate
• What enzyme is the resynthesis of ATP catalysed by ?


  ATP synthase
• In what 3 ways can the resunthesis of ATP occur ?


  Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
• What’s photo phosphorylation ?


  Light-dependent process in photosynthesis.
• What’s oxidative phosphorylation ?


  Occurs during respiration in the mitochondria
• What’s substrate-level phosphorylation ?


  When phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP
• What can the inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP be used for ?

  Phosphorylate other compounds, often making them more reactive
• 2 ways that ATP is a better immediate source of energy than glucose ?

  Releases energy in small, manageable amounts, the hydrolysis of ATP is a single reaction whereas the breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions so the energy release takes longer
• 4 advantages of ATP ?


  Instant energy in cells, releases energy in small amounts, mobile so can transport chemical energy to where it’s needed in the cell, universal energy carrier so can be used by many different chemical reactions
• 4 reactions that require ATP ?


  Metabolic processes, movement/muscle contraction, active transport, secretion