Parent and children

• What percentage of children are born outside of marriage?

  42%
• What trend occurred in the average age of having the first child from 1971 to 2012?

  The average age rose by 4 years
• What was the average age of having the first child in 2012?

  28 years
• What happened to the trends of women having children from 1964 to 2010?

  Decreased in 1964, decreased in 2001, increased in 2010
• What is a reason for the increase in births outside of marriage?

  Decline in stigma around cohabiting
• What percentage of women aged 25-34 believe women should marry before having children?

  28%
• What percentage of families with children are lone-parent families?

  22%
• How likely is a child in a lone-parent household to be in poverty compared to one with two parents?

  Twice as likely
• What has caused the rise in lone-parent families?

  Divorce, separation, and never-married women
• Why are lone-parent families usually headed by women?

  Belief that women suit nurturing roles
• What is a reason some women choose to be single parents?

  They may not want to marry
• What is Charles Murray's view on lone-parent families and the welfare state?

  Welfare state creates a 'perverse incentive'
• What do critics argue about Murray's view on welfare benefits?

  Benefits are not generous enough
• What percentage of families in Britain are stepfamilies?

  10%
• In what percentage of stepfamilies is at least one child from the woman's previous relationship?

  85%
• What are some challenges faced by stepfamilies according to Graham Altat and Grohum Cr?

  Divided loyalties and contact issues
• What does the term 'beanpole family' refer to?

  Extended vertically through generations
• What has caused the decline in support and contact in families?

  Increased life expectancy and smaller family sizes
• What did Janet Finch and Jennifer Mason find about obligations to relatives?

  Over 90% had given or received financial help
• Who is preferred for personal care of elderly women?

  Daughter or daughter-in-law
• What are the recent changes in family patterns?

  • Fewer first marriages
  • More divorces and remarriages
  • Increased cohabitation
  • More births outside marriage
  • Rise in lone-parent and stepfamilies
  • Increase in one-person households and same-sex families
  • Ethnic differences in household composition
• What are the reasons for changes in family patterns?

  • Greater individualization
  • Changes in societal attitudes
• What is the proportion of lone parent households among Black families in 2012?

  Just over half
• What historical factor contributes to the high rate of female-headed lone parent families among Black families?

  Slavery and high unemployment among Black males
• What do some argue about the statistics on lone parents in Black families?

  Many are in stable non-cohabiting relationships
• How do Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Indian households compare in size to other ethnic groups?

  They tend to be larger
• What reflects the values placed on the extended family in Asian cultures?

  Larger household sizes
• What did Peter Willmott argue about the extended family?

  It exists as a dispersed extended family
• What did Mary Chamberlain find about Caribbean families in Britain?

  They provide support despite geographical dispersion
• What did Colin Bell's research reveal about working-class and middle-class families?

  Both relied on kin for support
• What does the beanpole family structure indicate about family support?

  There is a decline in support and contact
• What is the significance of obligations to relatives in modern families?

  Extended family provides practical and emotional support
• What role do females play in providing care for elderly relatives?

  More likely to provide personal care
• How does the history of relationships affect obligations to relatives?

  It influences who provides support
• What is the overall role of the extended family today?

  It continues to play an important role
• What are the ethnic differences in household composition?

  Different ethnic groups have varying family structures
• What is the impact of individualization on family patterns?

  It leads to more diverse family structures