Social Learning Theory

• According to Social Learning Theory, aggression can be learned by observing role models, such as parents or peers, especially when the behavior is positively reinforced. This learning process is influenced by cognitive and motivational factors: individuals must believe they are capable of imitating the behavior and feel motivated to do so. However, if the behavior causes discomfort or lacks personal motivation, they may choose not to replicate it.
• Vicarious Reinforcement

  If the aggressive behavior of a model is reinforced, it increases the likelihood of the child imitating it as they perceive it as a means to achieve their wants. This phenomenon is known as ‘vicarious reinforcement.’  Conversely, if a model’s aggressive behaviour leads to consequences like punishment, the child is less likely to emulate it, a process referred to as ‘vicarious punishment.’
• Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

  Procedure) Bandura studied children from Stanford University Nursery.

  
  

  Results) Children who observed adults behaving aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate this behavior, including specific actions and phrases. Boys were especially influenced by aggressive male models. Conversely, children exposed to non-aggressive adult models showed minimal aggression towards the doll. This supports Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, highlighting the role of vicarious reinforcement in learning aggression.
• Strength - Real World Application


  One of the benefits of Social Learning Theory (SLT) is its ability to reduce aggression. Children tend to imitate models who are rewarded for their behavior, especially if they can identify with them. By providing children with rewarded, non-aggressive models, the same learning processes that lead to aggressive behavior can be used to foster non-aggression.
• Limitation - Reductionist

  Bandura acknowledged that aggression might have instinctual roots but believed it is mostly shaped by learning and the environment. However, research shows that biological factors—like genetics, evolution, brain function, and hormones—also strongly influence aggression. This means Social Learning Theory doesn’t fully explain aggression, as it ignores these biological influences.