5. Vietnam

• What was the US foreign policy in Asia by 1963?

  It was largely ineffective.
• What policy did the US adopt regarding the Philippines?

  Annexation of the Philippines
• What was the Open Door Policy?

  It aimed for equal trading rights in China.
• What conflict involved Russia and Japan?

  Russo-Japanese War
• What was the purpose of the Washington Naval Conference?

  To limit naval armaments among major powers.
• What was a significant factor in Japanese opposition?

  Resistance to Western influence and expansion.
• Which countries did the US support in the conflict between China and Japan?

  Support for China against Japan.
• What happened to China in the context of communism?

  China fell to communism.
• What aid did the US provide to Japan after World War II?

  Marshall aid to Japan.
• What was the situation in Korea during this period?

  Korea was divided and conflicted.
• What was Vietnam's status before World War II?

  Part of French-Indo-China.
• Who occupied Vietnam during World War II?

  The Japanese occupied Vietnam.
• Who led the Vietminh during the war against the Japanese?

  Ho Chi Minh.
• What did Ho Chi Minh proclaim in 1945?

  Vietnamese independence from France.
• What was France's response to Ho Chi Minh's declaration of independence?

  France refused to grant independence.
• What did Ho Chi Minh argue was violated by France?

  The Atlantic Charter.
• How were the Vietminh perceived by the US?

  As part of the Soviet plan for domination.
• What happened to the French army in 1954?

  Defeated at Dien Bien Phu.
• What was agreed upon at the Geneva Conference regarding Vietnam?

  Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel.
• What was promised to resolve the division of Vietnam?

  An election to unite the two zones.
• Why did the US refuse to hold the promised election in Vietnam?

  Fear that Ho would win the election.
• Who was the leader of South Vietnam supported by the US?

  Ngo Dinh Diem.
• What theory did Eisenhower endorse regarding communism?

  The 'domino theory'.
• What was the nature of Diem's government?

  Unpopular and corrupt.
• Who supported the Vietcong against Diem's government?

  North Vietnam.
• What was the South Vietnamese army's performance against the Vietcong?

  Struggled to make headway.
• How did US governments interpret the conflict in Vietnam?

  As part of the Cold War.
• What type of aid did the Eisenhower administration send to South Vietnam?

  Both financial and military aid.
• How did Kennedy's administration change US involvement in Vietnam?

  Increased military assistance significantly.
• What covert operations did Kennedy authorize in North Vietnam?

  Special forces operations.
• What happened to Diem in November 1963?

  He was assassinated.
• Who succeeded Kennedy after his assassination?

  Lyndon Johnson.
• What incident occurred on 2 August 1964?

  Alleged attack on US destroyers.
• What resolution did Johnson receive from Congress after the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

  The Gulf of Tonkin resolution.
• What did the Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorize?

  All necessary measures to repel attacks.
• What operation began in March 1965?

  Operation Rolling Thunder.
• How much explosive was dropped during Operation Rolling Thunder?

  Six million tons.
• How many US troops were committed to Vietnam by 1969?

  536,000 troops.
• What was the estimated total US expenditure on the Vietnam War?

  $106.8 billion.
• What was the consequence of the containment policy in Vietnam?

  Escalation of US involvement.